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Performance measurements › x86_1 › kem-33 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

kem-33 QUBE — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

2. Assessment environment

item value
processor 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory 31788 MiB
OS / kernel Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC) 2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest kem-33/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance build flags KAT
qube-128 harness-default MISMATCH [1]
qube-192 harness-default NOKAT [1]
qube-256 harness-default MISMATCH [1]
qube-384 harness-default MISMATCH [1]
qube-512 harness-default MISMATCH [1]

[1] The reference sources reproduce their own in-tree KAT files byte for byte, but the top-level Test_Vectors carry the optimized implementation's key and ciphertext sizes at four levels, and no top-level qube-192 vector was submitted (kem-33/README.md, pseudocode.md). These instances are timed anyway; their output is not validated.

4. Performance

instance operation mean cycles mean time ops/s median trial n (trials × iters)
qube-128 keygen 616.9 k 295 µs 3.39e+03 295 µs 15775 (5 × 3155)
qube-128 enc 657.8 k 314 µs 3.18e+03 314 µs 15475 (5 × 3095)
qube-128 dec 1.18 M 561 µs 1.78e+03 561 µs 8695 (5 × 1739)
qube-192 keygen 1.41 M 672 µs 1.49e+03 672 µs 7125 (5 × 1425)
qube-192 enc 1.48 M 705 µs 1.42e+03 704 µs 7035 (5 × 1407)
qube-192 dec 2.83 M 1.35 ms 740 1.35 ms 3500 (5 × 700)
qube-256 keygen 2.89 M 1.38 ms 725 1.38 ms 3510 (5 × 702)
qube-256 enc 2.92 M 1.4 ms 717 1.4 ms 3645 (5 × 729)
qube-256 dec 5.95 M 2.84 ms 352 2.84 ms 1740 (5 × 348)
qube-384 keygen 7.21 M 3.44 ms 290 3.44 ms 1420 (5 × 284)
qube-384 enc 7.17 M 3.43 ms 292 3.43 ms 1460 (5 × 292)
qube-384 dec 13.37 M 6.4 ms 156 6.41 ms 780 (5 × 156)
qube-512 keygen 19.03 M 9.09 ms 110 9.09 ms 545 (5 × 109)
qube-512 enc 18.67 M 8.93 ms 112 8.93 ms 560 (5 × 112)
qube-512 dec 29.26 M 14 ms 71.3 14 ms 360 (5 × 72)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance operation static: ELF image (bytes) baseline RSS peak RSS
qube-128 keygen – 1732 KiB 1844 KiB
qube-128 enc – 1752 KiB 1844 KiB
qube-128 dec – 1740 KiB 1852 KiB
qube-192 keygen – 1720 KiB 1864 KiB
qube-192 enc – 1792 KiB 1868 KiB
qube-192 dec – 1784 KiB 1860 KiB
qube-256 keygen – 1748 KiB 1888 KiB
qube-256 enc – 1844 KiB 1920 KiB
qube-256 dec – 1856 KiB 1956 KiB
qube-384 keygen – 1756 KiB 2004 KiB
qube-384 enc – 1976 KiB 2068 KiB
qube-384 dec – 2012 KiB 2132 KiB
qube-512 keygen – 1816 KiB 2164 KiB
qube-512 enc – 2124 KiB 2256 KiB
qube-512 dec – 2212 KiB 2300 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance public key secret key ciphertext shared secret
qube-128 3294 3326 3287 16
qube-192 6364 6412 6362 24
qube-256 10446 10510 10423 32
qube-384 20738 20834 20633 48
qube-512 34028 34156 33846 64

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance operation pseudohash/XOF/sm3 DRNG calls per operation
qube-128 keygen 55% 1.5% drng 2, pseudoXOF 7.07, sm3hash 1
qube-128 enc 62% 1.4% drng 2, pseudoXOF 7, sm3hash 2
qube-128 dec 49% 0.0% pseudoXOF 11, sm3hash 4
qube-192 keygen 49% 0.7% drng 2, pseudoXOF 8, pseudohash 1
qube-192 enc 56% 0.6% drng 2, pseudoXOF 8, pseudohash 1, sm3hash 1
qube-192 dec 41% 0.0% pseudoXOF 13, pseudohash 1, sm3hash 3
qube-256 keygen 47% 0.3% drng 2, pseudoXOF 9, pseudohash 1
qube-256 enc 53% 0.3% drng 2, pseudoXOF 8.59, pseudohash 1, sm3hash 1
qube-256 dec 35% 0.0% pseudoXOF 14, pseudohash 1, sm3hash 3
qube-384 keygen 38% 0.2% drng 2, pseudoXOF 10, pseudohash 1
qube-384 enc 48% 0.2% drng 2, pseudoXOF 9, pseudohash 2
qube-384 dec 40% 0.0% pseudoXOF 15, pseudohash 4
qube-512 keygen 51% 0.1% drng 2, pseudoXOF 10, pseudohash 1
qube-512 enc 60% 0.1% drng 2, pseudoXOF 10, pseudohash 2
qube-512 dec 49% 0.0% pseudoXOF 17, pseudohash 4

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance item file
qube-128 KAT log (sha256 d42d6cf140962d85…) kat/kem-33/qube-128.log
qube-128 timing dec records/kem-33/qube-128__dec.json
qube-128 timing enc records/kem-33/qube-128__enc.json
qube-128 timing keygen records/kem-33/qube-128__keygen.json
qube-128 hash profile dec profile/kem-33/qube-128__dec.json
qube-128 hash profile enc profile/kem-33/qube-128__enc.json
qube-128 hash profile keygen profile/kem-33/qube-128__keygen.json
qube-192 KAT log (sha256 e582d4539fa49366…) kat/kem-33/qube-192.log
qube-192 timing dec records/kem-33/qube-192__dec.json
qube-192 timing enc records/kem-33/qube-192__enc.json
qube-192 timing keygen records/kem-33/qube-192__keygen.json
qube-192 hash profile dec profile/kem-33/qube-192__dec.json
qube-192 hash profile enc profile/kem-33/qube-192__enc.json
qube-192 hash profile keygen profile/kem-33/qube-192__keygen.json
qube-256 KAT log (sha256 5ae74b28d91e7bcc…) kat/kem-33/qube-256.log
qube-256 timing dec records/kem-33/qube-256__dec.json
qube-256 timing enc records/kem-33/qube-256__enc.json
qube-256 timing keygen records/kem-33/qube-256__keygen.json
qube-256 hash profile dec profile/kem-33/qube-256__dec.json
qube-256 hash profile enc profile/kem-33/qube-256__enc.json
qube-256 hash profile keygen profile/kem-33/qube-256__keygen.json
qube-384 KAT log (sha256 575ed37bd6a07bfb…) kat/kem-33/qube-384.log
qube-384 timing dec records/kem-33/qube-384__dec.json
qube-384 timing enc records/kem-33/qube-384__enc.json
qube-384 timing keygen records/kem-33/qube-384__keygen.json
qube-384 hash profile dec profile/kem-33/qube-384__dec.json
qube-384 hash profile enc profile/kem-33/qube-384__enc.json
qube-384 hash profile keygen profile/kem-33/qube-384__keygen.json
qube-512 KAT log (sha256 735bd1cc5ccd2967…) kat/kem-33/qube-512.log
qube-512 timing dec records/kem-33/qube-512__dec.json
qube-512 timing enc records/kem-33/qube-512__enc.json
qube-512 timing keygen records/kem-33/qube-512__keygen.json
qube-512 hash profile dec profile/kem-33/qube-512__dec.json
qube-512 hash profile enc profile/kem-33/qube-512__enc.json
qube-512 hash profile keygen profile/kem-33/qube-512__keygen.json

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.