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Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-21 · system: x86_1 · arm_1
sign-21 ReSolveD-ɑ — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)
Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.
1. Basic information
- Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
- Algorithm: ReSolveD-ɑ
- Implementation versions measured: reference
- Parameter sets:
ReSolveD-alpha-160f,ReSolveD-alpha-160s,ReSolveD-alpha-256f,ReSolveD-alpha-256s,ReSolveD-alpha-384f,ReSolveD-alpha-384s,ReSolveD-alpha-512f,ReSolveD-alpha-512s - Security evaluation: sign-21 report
- Measurement method: x86_1 method
- Submission: NICCS page
2. Assessment environment
| item | value |
|---|---|
| processor | 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core) |
| clock | max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off |
| memory | 31788 MiB |
| OS / kernel | Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64 |
| compiler / build tool | gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6 |
| campaign start / end (UTC) | 2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21 |
3. Functional testing (KAT)
Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-21/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.
| instance | build flags | KAT |
|---|---|---|
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
guide | PASS |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
guide | PASS |
4. Performance
| instance | operation | mean cycles | mean time | ops/s | median trial | n (trials × iters) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
keygen | 14.25 M | 6.81 ms | 147 | 6.81 ms | 720 (5 × 144) |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
sign | 677.96 M | 324 ms | 3.09 | 324 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
verify | 639.43 M | 305 ms | 3.27 | 305 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
keygen | 14.26 M | 6.82 ms | 147 | 6.82 ms | 720 (5 × 144) |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
sign | 4.66 G | 2.24 s | 0.447 | 2.24 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
verify | 4.61 G | 2.21 s | 0.452 | 2.22 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
keygen | 32.73 M | 15.8 ms | 63.2 | 15.8 ms | 315 (5 × 63) |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
sign | 1.39 G | 667 ms | 1.5 | 667 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
verify | 1.33 G | 636 ms | 1.57 | 637 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
keygen | 32.74 M | 15.8 ms | 63.2 | 15.8 ms | 315 (5 × 63) |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
sign | 13.08 G | 6.28 s | 0.159 | 6.28 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
verify | 12.98 G | 6.23 s | 0.161 | 6.23 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
keygen | 80.53 M | 38.9 ms | 25.7 | 38.9 ms | 130 (5 × 26) |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
sign | 3.77 G | 1.81 s | 0.552 | 1.81 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
verify | 3.61 G | 1.73 s | 0.577 | 1.73 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
keygen | 80.50 M | 38.9 ms | 25.7 | 38.9 ms | 130 (5 × 26) |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
sign | 33.60 G | 16.1 s | 0.0621 | 16.1 s | 55 (5 × 11) |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
verify | 33.31 G | 16 s | 0.0627 | 16 s | 55 (5 × 11) |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
keygen | 133.32 M | 64.4 ms | 15.5 | 64.4 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
sign | 802.75 M | 388 ms | 2.58 | 386 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
verify | 640.49 M | 308 ms | 3.25 | 307 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
keygen | 133.37 M | 64.4 ms | 15.5 | 64.4 ms | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
sign | 3.82 G | 1.84 s | 0.544 | 1.84 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
verify | 3.28 G | 1.58 s | 0.633 | 1.58 s | 100 (5 × 20) |
5. Resource consumption
Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.
| instance | operation | static: ELF image (bytes) | baseline RSS | peak RSS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
keygen | 156109 | 1776 KiB | 2216 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
sign | 156109 | 2120 KiB | 2644 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
verify | 156109 | 2164 KiB | 2468 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
keygen | 156109 | 1776 KiB | 2212 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
sign | 156109 | 2144 KiB | 5456 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
verify | 156109 | 2640 KiB | 5204 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
keygen | 156133 | 1780 KiB | 2620 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
sign | 156133 | 1832 KiB | 3592 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
verify | 156133 | 2820 KiB | 3252 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
keygen | 156133 | 1776 KiB | 2660 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
sign | 156133 | 1848 KiB | 11816 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
verify | 156133 | 3612 KiB | 11276 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
keygen | 156133 | 1832 KiB | 3696 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
sign | 156133 | 1824 KiB | 5748 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
verify | 156133 | 3348 KiB | 5516 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
keygen | 156133 | 1868 KiB | 3684 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
sign | 156133 | 1864 KiB | 20572 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
verify | 156133 | 4224 KiB | 20372 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
keygen | 156149 | 1904 KiB | 5080 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
sign | 156149 | 1900 KiB | 8516 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
verify | 156149 | 4464 KiB | 8336 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
keygen | 156149 | 1824 KiB | 4992 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
sign | 156149 | 1868 KiB | 35288 KiB |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
verify | 156149 | 5812 KiB | 35072 KiB |
6. Transmission and storage overhead
External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.
| instance | public key | secret key | signature |
|---|---|---|---|
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
121 | 40 | 6851 |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
121 | 40 | 5307 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
194 | 64 | 17932 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
194 | 64 | 13973 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
288 | 96 | 40469 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
288 | 96 | 31575 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
385 | 128 | 72611 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
385 | 128 | 56239 |
Symmetric primitives
Survey verdict: bypass — Keccak oracles + AES/Rijndael/SHACAL-2 PRGs; pseudoXOF only with -DXOF_PSEUDO (undefined)
Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):
| instance | operation | pseudohash/XOF/sm3 | DRNG | calls per operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
keygen | 34% | 0.1% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
sign | 2.5% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 353 |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
verify | 1.8% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 27 |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
keygen | 34% | 0.1% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
sign | 1.4% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.9e+03 |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
verify | 1.2% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 20 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
keygen | 39% | 0.0% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
sign | 3.0% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 407 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
verify | 2.1% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 41 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
keygen | 39% | 0.0% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
sign | 1.4% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 4.71e+03 |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
verify | 1.1% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 28 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
keygen | 36% | 0.0% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
sign | 3.0% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 490 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
verify | 2.2% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 59 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
keygen | 36% | 0.0% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
sign | 1.7% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 5.78e+03 |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
verify | 1.4% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 40 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
keygen | 72% | 0.0% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
sign | 38% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 190 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
verify | 33% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 78 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
keygen | 72% | 0.0% | drng 2, pseudoXOF 1 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
sign | 39% | 0.0% | drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.3e+04 |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
verify | 35% | 0.0% | pseudoXOF 52 |
7. Raw evidence index
Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.
| instance | item | file |
|---|---|---|
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
KAT log (sha256 55b94c7c9237d7b8…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160f |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
KAT log (sha256 63629f9c598320bf…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-160s |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-160s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
KAT log (sha256 879a0f292adbb08d…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256f |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
KAT log (sha256 1a46ca8bb75e7961…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-256s |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-256s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
KAT log (sha256 76bd4639d02ca834…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384f |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
KAT log (sha256 478d27d642fab629…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-384s |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-384s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
KAT log (sha256 985ecb3dc88da9a9…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512f |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512f__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
KAT log (sha256 cb37ed04e97a7f6b…) |
kat/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s.log |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
timing keygen | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
timing sign | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
timing verify | records/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s__verify.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
hash profile keygen | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s__keygen.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
hash profile sign | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s__sign.json |
ReSolveD-alpha-512s |
hash profile verify | profile/sign-21/ReSolveD-alpha-512s__verify.json |
Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.