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Performance measurements › arm_1 › kem-18 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

kem-18 LoongKEM — performance on AArch64 (system arm_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS ARM self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

2. Assessment environment

item value
processor Qualcomm Oryon (CPU 2, one core)
machine ASUS Vivobook S 15
clock fixed 2.71 GHz (governor performance, minimum = maximum), boost off, SMT none
memory 30562 MiB
OS / kernel Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS / 7.0.0-34-generic
compiler / build tool gcc (Ubuntu 15.2.0-16ubuntu1) 15.2.0 / cmake version 4.2.3
campaign start / end (UTC) 2026-09-28T15:05:46 / 2026-09-29T08:43:52

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest kem-18/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance build flags KAT
Loong128 guide PASS
Loong256 guide PASS
Loong384 guide PASS
Loong512 guide PASS

4. Performance

instance operation mean cycles mean time ops/s median trial n (trials × iters)
Loong128 keygen 5.81 M 2.16 ms 464 2.05 ms 1480 (5 × 296)
Loong128 enc 5.56 M 2.06 ms 485 2.06 ms 1525 (5 × 305)
Loong128 dec 5.64 M 2.09 ms 478 2.08 ms 1480 (5 × 296)
Loong256 keygen 13.73 M 5.09 ms 196 5.09 ms 490 (5 × 98)
Loong256 enc 13.82 M 5.13 ms 195 5.13 ms 615 (5 × 123)
Loong256 dec 14.08 M 5.23 ms 191 5.19 ms 610 (5 × 122)
Loong384 keygen 43.04 M 16 ms 62.6 16 ms 195 (5 × 39)
Loong384 enc 43.53 M 16.1 ms 61.9 16 ms 200 (5 × 40)
Loong384 dec 43.73 M 16.2 ms 61.6 16.2 ms 190 (5 × 38)
Loong512 keygen 71.33 M 26.5 ms 37.8 26.4 ms 120 (5 × 24)
Loong512 enc 71.52 M 26.5 ms 37.7 26.5 ms 115 (5 × 23)
Loong512 dec 72.30 M 26.8 ms 37.3 26.8 ms 120 (5 × 24)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance operation static: ELF image (bytes) baseline RSS peak RSS
Loong128 keygen 29272 1424 KiB 1768 KiB
Loong128 enc 29272 1708 KiB 1776 KiB
Loong128 dec 29272 1716 KiB 1784 KiB
Loong256 keygen 24580 1424 KiB 2200 KiB
Loong256 enc 24580 2140 KiB 2212 KiB
Loong256 dec 24580 2164 KiB 2236 KiB
Loong384 keygen 25844 3452 KiB 4616 KiB
Loong384 enc 25844 4280 KiB 4344 KiB
Loong384 dec 25844 4308 KiB 4764 KiB
Loong512 keygen 25568 1444 KiB 5368 KiB
Loong512 enc 25568 3528 KiB 5508 KiB
Loong512 dec 25568 3588 KiB 5516 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance public key secret key ciphertext shared secret
Loong128 1472 1848 1512 16
Loong256 3248 3888 3520 32
Loong384 6444 7340 6680 48
Loong512 10640 11832 10848 64

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance operation pseudohash/XOF/sm3 DRNG calls per operation
Loong128 keygen 83% 0.2% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Loong128 enc 83% 0.1% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Loong128 dec 82% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Loong256 keygen 73% 0.1% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Loong256 enc 84% 0.0% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Loong256 dec 83% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Loong384 keygen 89% 0.0% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Loong384 enc 88% 0.0% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Loong384 dec 88% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Loong512 keygen 88% 0.0% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Loong512 enc 87% 0.0% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Loong512 dec 86% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/arm_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance item file
Loong128 KAT log (sha256 beb359f015e9c806…) kat/kem-18/Loong128.log
Loong128 timing dec records/kem-18/Loong128__dec.json
Loong128 timing enc records/kem-18/Loong128__enc.json
Loong128 timing keygen records/kem-18/Loong128__keygen.json
Loong128 hash profile dec profile/kem-18/Loong128__dec.json
Loong128 hash profile enc profile/kem-18/Loong128__enc.json
Loong128 hash profile keygen profile/kem-18/Loong128__keygen.json
Loong256 KAT log (sha256 df131a2c805665fa…) kat/kem-18/Loong256.log
Loong256 timing dec records/kem-18/Loong256__dec.json
Loong256 timing enc records/kem-18/Loong256__enc.json
Loong256 timing keygen records/kem-18/Loong256__keygen.json
Loong256 hash profile dec profile/kem-18/Loong256__dec.json
Loong256 hash profile enc profile/kem-18/Loong256__enc.json
Loong256 hash profile keygen profile/kem-18/Loong256__keygen.json
Loong384 KAT log (sha256 3934679dc0b28256…) kat/kem-18/Loong384.log
Loong384 timing dec records/kem-18/Loong384__dec.json
Loong384 timing enc records/kem-18/Loong384__enc.json
Loong384 timing keygen records/kem-18/Loong384__keygen.json
Loong384 hash profile dec profile/kem-18/Loong384__dec.json
Loong384 hash profile enc profile/kem-18/Loong384__enc.json
Loong384 hash profile keygen profile/kem-18/Loong384__keygen.json
Loong512 KAT log (sha256 3b88498cfd76a96f…) kat/kem-18/Loong512.log
Loong512 timing dec records/kem-18/Loong512__dec.json
Loong512 timing enc records/kem-18/Loong512__enc.json
Loong512 timing keygen records/kem-18/Loong512__keygen.json
Loong512 hash profile dec profile/kem-18/Loong512__dec.json
Loong512 hash profile enc profile/kem-18/Loong512__enc.json
Loong512 hash profile keygen profile/kem-18/Loong512__keygen.json

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.