Performance measurements › arm_1 › sign-11 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-11 FlexTree — performance on AArch64 (system arm_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS ARM self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: FlexTree
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: Flextree-160f, Flextree-160s, Flextree-256f, Flextree-256s, Flextree-384f, Flextree-384s, Flextree-512f, Flextree-512s
Security evaluation: sign-11 report
Measurement method: arm_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	Qualcomm Oryon (CPU 2, one core)
machine	ASUS Vivobook S 15
clock	fixed 2.71 GHz (governor performance, minimum = maximum), boost off, SMT none
memory	30562 MiB
OS / kernel	Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS / 7.0.0-34-generic
compiler / build tool	gcc (Ubuntu 15.2.0-16ubuntu1) 15.2.0 / cmake version 4.2.3
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-28T15:05:46 / 2026-09-29T08:43:52

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-11/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`Flextree-160f`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-160s`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-256f`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-256s`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-384f`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-384s`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-512f`	guide	PASS
`Flextree-512s`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`Flextree-160f`	keygen	13.81 M	5.12 ms	195	5.12 ms	615 (5 × 123)
`Flextree-160f`	sign	532.03 M	197 ms	5.07	197 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-160f`	verify	14.81 M	5.5 ms	182	5.45 ms	580 (5 × 116)
`Flextree-160s`	keygen	565.27 M	210 ms	4.77	210 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-160s`	sign	7.88 G	2.92 s	0.342	2.92 s	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-160s`	verify	20.31 M	7.53 ms	133	7.53 ms	420 (5 × 84)
`Flextree-256f`	keygen	44.08 M	16.3 ms	61.2	16.3 ms	185 (5 × 37)
`Flextree-256f`	sign	918.11 M	341 ms	2.94	340 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-256f`	verify	24.21 M	8.98 ms	111	8.9 ms	350 (5 × 70)
`Flextree-256s`	keygen	460.08 M	171 ms	5.86	171 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-256s`	sign	8.79 G	3.26 s	0.307	3.24 s	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-256s`	verify	37.08 M	13.8 ms	72.7	13.8 ms	230 (5 × 46)
`Flextree-384f`	keygen	623.94 M	231 ms	4.32	229 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-384f`	sign	11.73 G	4.35 s	0.23	4.34 s	85 (5 × 17)
`Flextree-384f`	verify	118.76 M	44.1 ms	22.7	44 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-384s`	keygen	3.10 G	1.15 s	0.87	1.15 s	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-384s`	sign	42.86 G	15.9 s	0.0629	15.9 s	20 (5 × 4)
`Flextree-384s`	verify	51.41 M	19.1 ms	52.4	18.9 ms	160 (5 × 32)
`Flextree-512f`	keygen	1.67 G	619 ms	1.62	619 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-512f`	sign	23.54 G	8.73 s	0.114	8.69 s	40 (5 × 8)
`Flextree-512f`	verify	152.42 M	56.6 ms	17.7	55.8 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-512s`	keygen	6.65 G	2.47 s	0.406	2.46 s	100 (5 × 20)
`Flextree-512s`	sign	80.79 G	30 s	0.0334	29.7 s	10 (5 × 2)
`Flextree-512s`	verify	111.38 M	41.3 ms	24.2	41.3 ms	100 (5 × 20)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`Flextree-160f`	keygen	3180096	1476 KiB	1572 KiB
`Flextree-160f`	sign	3180096	1508 KiB	4764 KiB
`Flextree-160f`	verify	3180096	4696 KiB	4764 KiB
`Flextree-160s`	keygen	1821632	1468 KiB	1584 KiB
`Flextree-160s`	sign	1821632	1520 KiB	6608 KiB
`Flextree-160s`	verify	1821632	4836 KiB	4900 KiB
`Flextree-256f`	keygen	3120784	1500 KiB	1612 KiB
`Flextree-256f`	sign	3120784	1548 KiB	6836 KiB
`Flextree-256f`	verify	3120784	5544 KiB	5612 KiB
`Flextree-256s`	keygen	14745816	1484 KiB	1616 KiB
`Flextree-256s`	sign	14745816	1548 KiB	19660 KiB
`Flextree-256s`	verify	14745816	9536 KiB	14480 KiB
`Flextree-384f`	keygen	5291912	1528 KiB	1652 KiB
`Flextree-384f`	sign	5291912	1584 KiB	15332 KiB
`Flextree-384f`	verify	5291912	6648 KiB	13252 KiB
`Flextree-384s`	keygen	4420016	1516 KiB	1624 KiB
`Flextree-384s`	sign	4420016	3596 KiB	31304 KiB
`Flextree-384s`	verify	4420016	5780 KiB	29132 KiB
`Flextree-512f`	keygen	8126040	3512 KiB	3656 KiB
`Flextree-512f`	sign	8126040	1656 KiB	32984 KiB
`Flextree-512f`	verify	8126040	9468 KiB	32080 KiB
`Flextree-512s`	keygen	7443216	1552 KiB	1676 KiB
`Flextree-512s`	sign	7443216	1608 KiB	62444 KiB
`Flextree-512s`	verify	7443216	10692 KiB	64224 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`Flextree-160f`	40	80	18672
`Flextree-160s`	40	80	9580
`Flextree-256f`	64	128	46856
`Flextree-256s`	64	128	25420
`Flextree-384f`	96	192	73396
`Flextree-384s`	96	192	60180
`Flextree-512f`	128	256	117296
`Flextree-512s`	128	256	94948

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`Flextree-160f`	keygen	97%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 5.07e+03
`Flextree-160f`	sign	91%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.52e+03, sm3hash 1.84e+05
`Flextree-160f`	verify	97%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 2, sm3hash 5.34e+03
`Flextree-160s`	keygen	97%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 2.09e+05
`Flextree-160s`	sign	97%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 2.33, sm3hash 2.94e+06
`Flextree-160s`	verify	97%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 2, sm3hash 7.49e+03
`Flextree-256f`	keygen	97%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 1.63e+04
`Flextree-256f`	sign	97%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 15.5, sm3hash 3.31e+05
`Flextree-256f`	verify	97%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 2, sm3hash 8.53e+03
`Flextree-256s`	keygen	97%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 1.72e+05
`Flextree-256s`	sign	97%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 2, sm3hash 3.21e+06
`Flextree-256s`	verify	97%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 2, sm3hash 1.36e+04
`Flextree-384f`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 7.74e+04
`Flextree-384f`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.47e+06
`Flextree-384f`	verify	99%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1.47e+04
`Flextree-384s`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 3.86e+05
`Flextree-384s`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 5.34e+06
`Flextree-384s`	verify	98%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 6.18e+03
`Flextree-512f`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 2.08e+05
`Flextree-512f`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 2.85e+06
`Flextree-512f`	verify	98%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1.81e+04
`Flextree-512s`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 8.28e+05
`Flextree-512s`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 9.81e+06
`Flextree-512s`	verify	97%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1.33e+04

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/arm_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`Flextree-160f`	KAT log (sha256 `b4cfaeeec6af47f8…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-160f.log`
`Flextree-160f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-160f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-160f`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-160f__sign.json`
`Flextree-160f`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-160f__verify.json`
`Flextree-160f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-160f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-160f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-160f__sign.json`
`Flextree-160f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-160f__verify.json`
`Flextree-160s`	KAT log (sha256 `3ed46dcc8f6c3c5a…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-160s.log`
`Flextree-160s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-160s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-160s`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-160s__sign.json`
`Flextree-160s`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-160s__verify.json`
`Flextree-160s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-160s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-160s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-160s__sign.json`
`Flextree-160s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-160s__verify.json`
`Flextree-256f`	KAT log (sha256 `bd6ed98d67e30c6a…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-256f.log`
`Flextree-256f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-256f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-256f`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-256f__sign.json`
`Flextree-256f`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-256f__verify.json`
`Flextree-256f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-256f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-256f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-256f__sign.json`
`Flextree-256f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-256f__verify.json`
`Flextree-256s`	KAT log (sha256 `1778240adcb6db56…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-256s.log`
`Flextree-256s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-256s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-256s`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-256s__sign.json`
`Flextree-256s`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-256s__verify.json`
`Flextree-256s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-256s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-256s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-256s__sign.json`
`Flextree-256s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-256s__verify.json`
`Flextree-384f`	KAT log (sha256 `9c994b6646786a07…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-384f.log`
`Flextree-384f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-384f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-384f`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-384f__sign.json`
`Flextree-384f`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-384f__verify.json`
`Flextree-384f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-384f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-384f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-384f__sign.json`
`Flextree-384f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-384f__verify.json`
`Flextree-384s`	KAT log (sha256 `7956cd9032b7ad59…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-384s.log`
`Flextree-384s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-384s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-384s`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-384s__sign.json`
`Flextree-384s`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-384s__verify.json`
`Flextree-384s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-384s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-384s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-384s__sign.json`
`Flextree-384s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-384s__verify.json`
`Flextree-512f`	KAT log (sha256 `47b8bb871fdefe6b…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-512f.log`
`Flextree-512f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-512f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-512f`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-512f__sign.json`
`Flextree-512f`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-512f__verify.json`
`Flextree-512f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-512f__keygen.json`
`Flextree-512f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-512f__sign.json`
`Flextree-512f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-512f__verify.json`
`Flextree-512s`	KAT log (sha256 `d0015a195318a7b7…`)	`kat/sign-11/Flextree-512s.log`
`Flextree-512s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-11/Flextree-512s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-512s`	timing sign	`records/sign-11/Flextree-512s__sign.json`
`Flextree-512s`	timing verify	`records/sign-11/Flextree-512s__verify.json`
`Flextree-512s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-512s__keygen.json`
`Flextree-512s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-512s__sign.json`
`Flextree-512s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-11/Flextree-512s__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.