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Performance measurements › x86_1 › kem-09 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

kem-09 CheetahKEM — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

2. Assessment environment

item value
processor 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory 31788 MiB
OS / kernel Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC) 2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest kem-09/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance build flags KAT
Cheetah128 guide PASS
Cheetah256 guide PASS
Cheetah384 guide PASS
Cheetah512 guide PASS

4. Performance

instance operation mean cycles mean time ops/s median trial n (trials × iters)
Cheetah128 keygen 283.6 k 135 µs 7.38e+03 136 µs 22335 (5 × 4467)
Cheetah128 enc 367.7 k 176 µs 5.69e+03 176 µs 27265 (5 × 5453)
Cheetah128 dec 425.3 k 203 µs 4.92e+03 203 µs 23000 (5 × 4600)
Cheetah256 keygen 748.1 k 357 µs 2.8e+03 357 µs 13295 (5 × 2659)
Cheetah256 enc 859.1 k 410 µs 2.44e+03 410 µs 12045 (5 × 2409)
Cheetah256 dec 973.5 k 465 µs 2.15e+03 465 µs 10615 (5 × 2123)
Cheetah384 keygen 2.25 M 1.08 ms 930 1.08 ms 4555 (5 × 911)
Cheetah384 enc 2.39 M 1.14 ms 875 1.14 ms 4315 (5 × 863)
Cheetah384 dec 2.63 M 1.26 ms 797 1.26 ms 3960 (5 × 792)
Cheetah512 keygen 3.60 M 1.72 ms 582 1.72 ms 2835 (5 × 567)
Cheetah512 enc 3.77 M 1.8 ms 555 1.8 ms 2775 (5 × 555)
Cheetah512 dec 4.09 M 1.96 ms 511 1.96 ms 2555 (5 × 511)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance operation static: ELF image (bytes) baseline RSS peak RSS
Cheetah128 keygen 38029 1712 KiB 1788 KiB
Cheetah128 enc 38029 1728 KiB 1796 KiB
Cheetah128 dec 38029 1728 KiB 1792 KiB
Cheetah256 keygen 38445 1716 KiB 1816 KiB
Cheetah256 enc 38445 1756 KiB 1824 KiB
Cheetah256 dec 38445 1764 KiB 1832 KiB
Cheetah384 keygen 39293 1724 KiB 1880 KiB
Cheetah384 enc 39293 1796 KiB 1884 KiB
Cheetah384 dec 39293 1800 KiB 1912 KiB
Cheetah512 keygen 39585 1732 KiB 1908 KiB
Cheetah512 enc 39585 1836 KiB 1940 KiB
Cheetah512 dec 39585 1776 KiB 1912 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance public key secret key ciphertext shared secret
Cheetah128 832 1936 864 16
Cheetah256 1648 3808 1728 32
Cheetah384 2704 5920 2832 48
Cheetah512 3600 7872 4032 64

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance operation pseudohash/XOF/sm3 DRNG calls per operation
Cheetah128 keygen 64% 4.3% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah128 enc 61% 1.3% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah128 dec 54% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Cheetah256 keygen 68% 2.3% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah256 enc 65% 0.6% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah256 dec 57% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Cheetah384 keygen 82% 0.8% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah384 enc 79% 0.3% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah384 dec 74% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Cheetah512 keygen 83% 0.6% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah512 enc 81% 0.2% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah512 dec 76% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance item file
Cheetah128 KAT log (sha256 958ef11f017bbe68…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah128.log
Cheetah128 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah128__dec.json
Cheetah128 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah128__enc.json
Cheetah128 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah128__keygen.json
Cheetah128 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah128__dec.json
Cheetah128 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah128__enc.json
Cheetah128 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah128__keygen.json
Cheetah256 KAT log (sha256 eb289ad531491e44…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah256.log
Cheetah256 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah256__dec.json
Cheetah256 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah256__enc.json
Cheetah256 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah256__keygen.json
Cheetah256 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah256__dec.json
Cheetah256 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah256__enc.json
Cheetah256 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah256__keygen.json
Cheetah384 KAT log (sha256 253b3a9cf85a3563…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah384.log
Cheetah384 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah384__dec.json
Cheetah384 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah384__enc.json
Cheetah384 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah384__keygen.json
Cheetah384 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah384__dec.json
Cheetah384 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah384__enc.json
Cheetah384 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah384__keygen.json
Cheetah512 KAT log (sha256 272ca8b8f7831b9b…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah512.log
Cheetah512 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah512__dec.json
Cheetah512 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah512__enc.json
Cheetah512 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah512__keygen.json
Cheetah512 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah512__dec.json
Cheetah512 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah512__enc.json
Cheetah512 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah512__keygen.json

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.