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Performance measurements › arm_1 › kem-09 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

kem-09 CheetahKEM — performance on AArch64 (system arm_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS ARM self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

2. Assessment environment

item value
processor Qualcomm Oryon (CPU 2, one core)
machine ASUS Vivobook S 15
clock fixed 2.71 GHz (governor performance, minimum = maximum), boost off, SMT none
memory 30562 MiB
OS / kernel Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS / 7.0.0-34-generic
compiler / build tool gcc (Ubuntu 15.2.0-16ubuntu1) 15.2.0 / cmake version 4.2.3
campaign start / end (UTC) 2026-09-28T15:05:46 / 2026-09-29T08:43:52

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest kem-09/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance build flags KAT
Cheetah128 guide PASS
Cheetah256 guide PASS
Cheetah384 guide PASS
Cheetah512 guide PASS

4. Performance

instance operation mean cycles mean time ops/s median trial n (trials × iters)
Cheetah128 keygen 243.4 k 90.3 µs 1.11e+04 90.2 µs 30250 (5 × 6050)
Cheetah128 enc 318.8 k 118 µs 8.45e+03 118 µs 26090 (5 × 5218)
Cheetah128 dec 350.7 k 130 µs 7.69e+03 130 µs 24100 (5 × 4820)
Cheetah256 keygen 650.6 k 241 µs 4.14e+03 241 µs 12135 (5 × 2427)
Cheetah256 enc 749.3 k 278 µs 3.6e+03 278 µs 11265 (5 × 2253)
Cheetah256 dec 820.0 k 304 µs 3.29e+03 304 µs 10300 (5 × 2060)
Cheetah384 keygen 2.03 M 754 µs 1.33e+03 752 µs 4055 (5 × 811)
Cheetah384 enc 2.16 M 802 µs 1.25e+03 800 µs 3915 (5 × 783)
Cheetah384 dec 2.34 M 867 µs 1.15e+03 859 µs 3655 (5 × 731)
Cheetah512 keygen 3.26 M 1.21 ms 827 1.21 ms 2530 (5 × 506)
Cheetah512 enc 3.41 M 1.26 ms 791 1.26 ms 2495 (5 × 499)
Cheetah512 dec 3.64 M 1.35 ms 741 1.35 ms 2335 (5 × 467)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance operation static: ELF image (bytes) baseline RSS peak RSS
Cheetah128 keygen 29880 1420 KiB 1500 KiB
Cheetah128 enc 29880 1436 KiB 1504 KiB
Cheetah128 dec 29880 1448 KiB 1512 KiB
Cheetah256 keygen 30256 1424 KiB 1524 KiB
Cheetah256 enc 30256 1464 KiB 1532 KiB
Cheetah256 dec 30256 1480 KiB 1548 KiB
Cheetah384 keygen 30628 1428 KiB 1560 KiB
Cheetah384 enc 30628 1504 KiB 1576 KiB
Cheetah384 dec 30628 1524 KiB 1596 KiB
Cheetah512 keygen 30752 1432 KiB 3616 KiB
Cheetah512 enc 30752 3564 KiB 3628 KiB
Cheetah512 dec 30752 3564 KiB 3628 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance public key secret key ciphertext shared secret
Cheetah128 832 1936 864 16
Cheetah256 1648 3808 1728 32
Cheetah384 2704 5920 2832 48
Cheetah512 3600 7872 4032 64

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance operation pseudohash/XOF/sm3 DRNG calls per operation
Cheetah128 keygen 70% 4.6% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah128 enc 66% 1.4% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah128 dec 60% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Cheetah256 keygen 74% 2.4% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah256 enc 70% 0.6% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah256 dec 64% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Cheetah384 keygen 85% 0.8% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah384 enc 83% 0.3% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah384 dec 80% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6
Cheetah512 keygen 86% 0.6% drng 2, pseudoXOF 3, sm3hash 1
Cheetah512 enc 84% 0.2% drng 1, pseudoXOF 5, sm3hash 1
Cheetah512 dec 82% 0.0% pseudoXOF 6

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/arm_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance item file
Cheetah128 KAT log (sha256 a5fd7876557c6d8c…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah128.log
Cheetah128 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah128__dec.json
Cheetah128 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah128__enc.json
Cheetah128 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah128__keygen.json
Cheetah128 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah128__dec.json
Cheetah128 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah128__enc.json
Cheetah128 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah128__keygen.json
Cheetah256 KAT log (sha256 e7c36c385c9da71f…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah256.log
Cheetah256 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah256__dec.json
Cheetah256 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah256__enc.json
Cheetah256 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah256__keygen.json
Cheetah256 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah256__dec.json
Cheetah256 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah256__enc.json
Cheetah256 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah256__keygen.json
Cheetah384 KAT log (sha256 70219eb970296033…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah384.log
Cheetah384 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah384__dec.json
Cheetah384 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah384__enc.json
Cheetah384 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah384__keygen.json
Cheetah384 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah384__dec.json
Cheetah384 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah384__enc.json
Cheetah384 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah384__keygen.json
Cheetah512 KAT log (sha256 a9a15762e21cbe12…) kat/kem-09/Cheetah512.log
Cheetah512 timing dec records/kem-09/Cheetah512__dec.json
Cheetah512 timing enc records/kem-09/Cheetah512__enc.json
Cheetah512 timing keygen records/kem-09/Cheetah512__keygen.json
Cheetah512 hash profile dec profile/kem-09/Cheetah512__dec.json
Cheetah512 hash profile enc profile/kem-09/Cheetah512__enc.json
Cheetah512 hash profile keygen profile/kem-09/Cheetah512__keygen.json

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.