Performance measurements › x86_1 › kem-40 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

kem-40 YuanYang.KEM — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: key encapsulation
Algorithm: YuanYang.KEM
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: yuanyang-512, yuanyang-1024, yuanyang-2048
Security evaluation: kem-40 report
Measurement method: x86_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock	max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory	31788 MiB
OS / kernel	Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool	gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest kem-40/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`yuanyang-512`	guide	PASS
`yuanyang-1024`	guide	PASS
`yuanyang-2048`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`yuanyang-512`	keygen	505.6 k	242 µs	4.14e+03	242 µs	16905 (5 × 3381)
`yuanyang-512`	enc	288.3 k	138 µs	7.26e+03	138 µs	34725 (5 × 6945)
`yuanyang-512`	dec	433.4 k	207 µs	4.83e+03	207 µs	23490 (5 × 4698)
`yuanyang-1024`	keygen	1.07 M	509 µs	1.96e+03	509 µs	8990 (5 × 1798)
`yuanyang-1024`	enc	495.2 k	237 µs	4.23e+03	235 µs	20480 (5 × 4096)
`yuanyang-1024`	dec	808.6 k	386 µs	2.59e+03	386 µs	12740 (5 × 2548)
`yuanyang-2048`	keygen	2.06 M	984 µs	1.02e+03	984 µs	4375 (5 × 875)
`yuanyang-2048`	enc	991.5 k	474 µs	2.11e+03	474 µs	10450 (5 × 2090)
`yuanyang-2048`	dec	1.68 M	801 µs	1.25e+03	801 µs	6135 (5 × 1227)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`yuanyang-512`	keygen	48461	2040 KiB	2296 KiB
`yuanyang-512`	enc	48461	2244 KiB	2308 KiB
`yuanyang-512`	dec	48461	2228 KiB	2348 KiB
`yuanyang-1024`	keygen	53077	2036 KiB	2320 KiB
`yuanyang-1024`	enc	53077	2260 KiB	2324 KiB
`yuanyang-1024`	dec	53077	2248 KiB	2360 KiB
`yuanyang-2048`	keygen	61945	2052 KiB	2380 KiB
`yuanyang-2048`	enc	61945	2288 KiB	2356 KiB
`yuanyang-2048`	dec	61945	2320 KiB	2388 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	ciphertext	shared secret
`yuanyang-512`	736	1536	656	16
`yuanyang-1024`	1568	3168	1344	32
`yuanyang-2048`	3328	6528	2880	64

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`yuanyang-512`	keygen	8.1%	23%	drng 2.35, pseudohash 1
`yuanyang-512`	enc	42%	21%	drng 3, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-512`	dec	21%	13%	drng 2, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-1024`	keygen	7.2%	19%	drng 4, pseudohash 1
`yuanyang-1024`	enc	38%	22%	drng 4, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-1024`	dec	15%	13%	drng 3, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-2048`	keygen	7.5%	17%	drng 6.79, pseudohash 1
`yuanyang-2048`	enc	34%	21%	drng 6, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-2048`	dec	12%	12%	drng 5, pseudohash 4

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`yuanyang-512`	KAT log (sha256 `57521d656ee2765d…`)	`kat/kem-40/yuanyang-512.log`
`yuanyang-512`	timing dec	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-512__dec.json`
`yuanyang-512`	timing enc	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-512__enc.json`
`yuanyang-512`	timing keygen	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-512__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-512`	hash profile dec	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-512__dec.json`
`yuanyang-512`	hash profile enc	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-512__enc.json`
`yuanyang-512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-512__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	KAT log (sha256 `c2901c070c99f13e…`)	`kat/kem-40/yuanyang-1024.log`
`yuanyang-1024`	timing dec	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__dec.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	timing enc	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__enc.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	timing keygen	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	hash profile dec	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__dec.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	hash profile enc	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__enc.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	hash profile keygen	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	KAT log (sha256 `a6f936079f75c299…`)	`kat/kem-40/yuanyang-2048.log`
`yuanyang-2048`	timing dec	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__dec.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	timing enc	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__enc.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	timing keygen	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	hash profile dec	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__dec.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	hash profile enc	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__enc.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	hash profile keygen	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__keygen.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.