Performance measurements › arm_1 › kem-40 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

kem-40 YuanYang.KEM — performance on AArch64 (system arm_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS ARM self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: key encapsulation
Algorithm: YuanYang.KEM
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: yuanyang-512, yuanyang-1024, yuanyang-2048
Security evaluation: kem-40 report
Measurement method: arm_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	Qualcomm Oryon (CPU 2, one core)
machine	ASUS Vivobook S 15
clock	fixed 2.71 GHz (governor performance, minimum = maximum), boost off, SMT none
memory	30562 MiB
OS / kernel	Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS / 7.0.0-34-generic
compiler / build tool	gcc (Ubuntu 15.2.0-16ubuntu1) 15.2.0 / cmake version 4.2.3
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-28T15:05:46 / 2026-09-29T08:43:52

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest kem-40/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`yuanyang-512`	guide	PASS
`yuanyang-1024`	guide	PASS
`yuanyang-2048`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`yuanyang-512`	keygen	405.7 k	151 µs	6.64e+03	151 µs	15795 (5 × 3159)
`yuanyang-512`	enc	239.7 k	89 µs	1.12e+04	88.9 µs	34860 (5 × 6972)
`yuanyang-512`	dec	325.0 k	121 µs	8.29e+03	121 µs	25710 (5 × 5142)
`yuanyang-1024`	keygen	867.0 k	322 µs	3.11e+03	322 µs	8960 (5 × 1792)
`yuanyang-1024`	enc	411.7 k	153 µs	6.55e+03	153 µs	20255 (5 × 4051)
`yuanyang-1024`	dec	603.2 k	224 µs	4.47e+03	223 µs	13905 (5 × 2781)
`yuanyang-2048`	keygen	1.63 M	605 µs	1.65e+03	605 µs	4270 (5 × 854)
`yuanyang-2048`	enc	805.3 k	299 µs	3.35e+03	299 µs	10485 (5 × 2097)
`yuanyang-2048`	dec	1.23 M	457 µs	2.19e+03	457 µs	6770 (5 × 1354)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`yuanyang-512`	keygen	42256	1508 KiB	1704 KiB
`yuanyang-512`	enc	42256	1648 KiB	1712 KiB
`yuanyang-512`	dec	42256	3688 KiB	3752 KiB
`yuanyang-1024`	keygen	47240	1516 KiB	1724 KiB
`yuanyang-1024`	enc	47240	1664 KiB	1732 KiB
`yuanyang-1024`	dec	47240	1684 KiB	1748 KiB
`yuanyang-2048`	keygen	55928	3560 KiB	3780 KiB
`yuanyang-2048`	enc	55928	1696 KiB	1764 KiB
`yuanyang-2048`	dec	55928	1732 KiB	1800 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	ciphertext	shared secret
`yuanyang-512`	736	1536	656	16
`yuanyang-1024`	1568	3168	1344	32
`yuanyang-2048`	3328	6528	2880	64

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`yuanyang-512`	keygen	9.2%	27%	drng 2.35, pseudohash 1
`yuanyang-512`	enc	47%	23%	drng 3, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-512`	dec	26%	16%	drng 2, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-1024`	keygen	8.2%	22%	drng 4, pseudohash 1
`yuanyang-1024`	enc	43%	25%	drng 4, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-1024`	dec	19%	16%	drng 3, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-2048`	keygen	8.6%	20%	drng 6.88, pseudohash 1
`yuanyang-2048`	enc	39%	25%	drng 6, pseudohash 4
`yuanyang-2048`	dec	15%	16%	drng 5, pseudohash 4

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/arm_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`yuanyang-512`	KAT log (sha256 `dc41ee1af227da4f…`)	`kat/kem-40/yuanyang-512.log`
`yuanyang-512`	timing dec	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-512__dec.json`
`yuanyang-512`	timing enc	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-512__enc.json`
`yuanyang-512`	timing keygen	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-512__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-512`	hash profile dec	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-512__dec.json`
`yuanyang-512`	hash profile enc	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-512__enc.json`
`yuanyang-512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-512__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	KAT log (sha256 `583ffabb0bbcfc5f…`)	`kat/kem-40/yuanyang-1024.log`
`yuanyang-1024`	timing dec	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__dec.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	timing enc	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__enc.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	timing keygen	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	hash profile dec	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__dec.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	hash profile enc	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__enc.json`
`yuanyang-1024`	hash profile keygen	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-1024__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	KAT log (sha256 `e622a8d320cb8bf0…`)	`kat/kem-40/yuanyang-2048.log`
`yuanyang-2048`	timing dec	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__dec.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	timing enc	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__enc.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	timing keygen	`records/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__keygen.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	hash profile dec	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__dec.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	hash profile enc	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__enc.json`
`yuanyang-2048`	hash profile keygen	`profile/kem-40/yuanyang-2048__keygen.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.