Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-04 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-04 CEDRUSɑ — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: CEDRUSɑ
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: CEDRUSALPHA-160f, CEDRUSALPHA-160s, CEDRUSALPHA-256f, CEDRUSALPHA-256s, CEDRUSALPHA-384f, CEDRUSALPHA-384s, CEDRUSALPHA-512f, CEDRUSALPHA-512s
Security evaluation: sign-04 report
Measurement method: x86_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock	max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory	31788 MiB
OS / kernel	Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool	gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-04/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	guide	PASS
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	keygen	16.05 M	7.67 ms	130	7.67 ms	625 (5 × 125)
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	sign	570.59 M	274 ms	3.65	273 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	verify	17.73 M	8.47 ms	118	8.47 ms	590 (5 × 118)
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	keygen	523.56 M	251 ms	3.98	250 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	sign	7.78 G	3.71 s	0.269	3.71 s	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	verify	19.14 M	9.14 ms	109	9.14 ms	540 (5 × 108)
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	keygen	52.40 M	25 ms	40	25 ms	175 (5 × 35)
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	sign	1.35 G	646 ms	1.55	646 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	verify	24.20 M	11.6 ms	86.5	11.6 ms	435 (5 × 87)
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	keygen	793.87 M	379 ms	2.64	379 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	sign	12.06 G	5.79 s	0.173	5.79 s	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	verify	29.24 M	14 ms	71.6	14 ms	360 (5 × 72)
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	keygen	637.31 M	307 ms	3.26	305 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	sign	12.46 G	5.97 s	0.168	5.97 s	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	verify	123.74 M	59.1 ms	16.9	59 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	keygen	4.10 G	1.96 s	0.51	1.96 s	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	sign	44.24 G	21.2 s	0.0471	21.2 s	40 (5 × 8)
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	verify	68.37 M	32.7 ms	30.6	32.6 ms	155 (5 × 31)
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	keygen	1.60 G	766 ms	1.31	764 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	sign	21.00 G	10 s	0.0997	10 s	85 (5 × 17)
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	verify	145.58 M	69.5 ms	14.4	69.5 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	keygen	7.68 G	3.67 s	0.273	3.67 s	100 (5 × 20)
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	sign	88.57 G	42.3 s	0.0236	42.3 s	20 (5 × 4)
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	verify	128.14 M	61.2 ms	16.3	61.2 ms	100 (5 × 20)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	keygen	250461	1728 KiB	2028 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	sign	250461	1940 KiB	2016 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	verify	250461	1932 KiB	1996 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	keygen	379333	1696 KiB	2092 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	sign	379333	2044 KiB	2144 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	verify	379333	2052 KiB	2120 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	keygen	1126817	1756 KiB	2884 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	sign	1126817	2812 KiB	2876 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	verify	1126817	2800 KiB	2896 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	keygen	1691081	1712 KiB	3412 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	sign	1691081	3284 KiB	3416 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	verify	1691081	3332 KiB	3420 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	keygen	4504613	1788 KiB	6188 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	sign	4504613	6088 KiB	6200 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	verify	4504613	6092 KiB	6160 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	keygen	3942709	1768 KiB	5632 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	sign	3942709	5552 KiB	5640 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	verify	3942709	5564 KiB	5656 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	keygen	10104321	1684 KiB	11580 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	sign	10104321	11480 KiB	11704 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	verify	10104321	11552 KiB	11684 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	keygen	11401761	1812 KiB	12900 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	sign	11401761	12828 KiB	12896 KiB
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	verify	11401761	12812 KiB	12908 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	40	80	19420
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	40	80	10300
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	64	128	43296
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	64	128	25568
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	96	192	76176
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	96	192	60672
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	128	256	127488
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	128	256	98048

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	keygen	98%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 5.74e+03
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	sign	98%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 2.05e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	verify	98%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 6.09e+03
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	keygen	98%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 1.85e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	sign	98%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 2.75e+06
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	verify	98%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 6.65e+03
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	keygen	98%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 1.82e+04
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	sign	98%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 4.64e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	verify	97%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 8.01e+03
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	keygen	98%	0.0%	drng 1, sm3hash 2.78e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	sign	98%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 4.17e+06
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	verify	98%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1, sm3hash 9.95e+03
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 7.63e+04
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.51e+06
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	verify	99%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1.45e+04
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 4.92e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 5.36e+06
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	verify	99%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 7.96e+03
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.9e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 2.5e+06
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	verify	99%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1.66e+04
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	keygen	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 9.18e+05
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	sign	99%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 1.06e+07
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	verify	99%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1.47e+04

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	KAT log (sha256 `58bead2fc71ac9c6…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	KAT log (sha256 `d0e5dc37f3043047…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-160s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-160s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	KAT log (sha256 `e245e4d5e4fae4b5…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	KAT log (sha256 `f37910464d8fbb8c…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-256s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-256s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	KAT log (sha256 `e2dd7362970666e4…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	KAT log (sha256 `158bde17ef118a20…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-384s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-384s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	KAT log (sha256 `829fcb77d8d4027a…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512f`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512f__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	KAT log (sha256 `29624e9e32b36380…`)	`kat/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s.log`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	timing keygen	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	timing sign	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	timing verify	`records/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s__verify.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s__keygen.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s__sign.json`
`CEDRUSALPHA-512s`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-04/CEDRUSALPHA-512s__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.