Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-08 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-08 DARTS — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: DARTS
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: DARTS128, DARTS256, DARTS512
Security evaluation: sign-08 report
Measurement method: x86_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock	max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory	31788 MiB
OS / kernel	Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool	gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-08/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`DARTS128`	guide	PASS
`DARTS256`	guide	PASS
`DARTS512`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`DARTS128`	keygen	953.3 k	455 µs	2.2e+03	455 µs	17240 (5 × 3448)
`DARTS128`	sign	45.51 M	21.7 ms	46	21.7 ms	230 (5 × 46)
`DARTS128`	verify	353.5 k	169 µs	5.92e+03	169 µs	27380 (5 × 5476)
`DARTS256`	keygen	1.24 M	594 µs	1.68e+03	594 µs	9060 (5 × 1812)
`DARTS256`	sign	33.85 M	16.2 ms	61.8	16.2 ms	310 (5 × 62)
`DARTS256`	verify	875.1 k	418 µs	2.39e+03	418 µs	11530 (5 × 2306)
`DARTS512`	keygen	2.08 M	994 µs	1.01e+03	993 µs	4700 (5 × 940)
`DARTS512`	sign	10.74 M	5.15 ms	194	5.15 ms	975 (5 × 195)
`DARTS512`	verify	1.64 M	785 µs	1.27e+03	785 µs	6160 (5 × 1232)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`DARTS128`	keygen	55669	1728 KiB	1856 KiB
`DARTS128`	sign	55669	1740 KiB	1924 KiB
`DARTS128`	verify	55669	1816 KiB	1920 KiB
`DARTS256`	keygen	58957	1696 KiB	1876 KiB
`DARTS256`	sign	58957	1788 KiB	1948 KiB
`DARTS256`	verify	58957	1880 KiB	1960 KiB
`DARTS512`	keygen	64709	1760 KiB	1928 KiB
`DARTS512`	sign	64709	1868 KiB	2132 KiB
`DARTS512`	verify	64709	2052 KiB	2136 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`DARTS128`	1120	1536	1449
`DARTS256`	2208	2880	2489
`DARTS512`	4672	6016	5851

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only — x4 shake names loop over the ICCS XOF

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`DARTS128`	keygen	46%	0.5%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 8.61, pseudohash 8.61
`DARTS128`	sign	88%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 210, pseudohash 83
`DARTS128`	verify	64%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3, pseudohash 3
`DARTS256`	keygen	64%	0.4%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 19.1, pseudohash 12
`DARTS256`	sign	87%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 148, pseudohash 55
`DARTS256`	verify	72%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 6, pseudohash 6
`DARTS512`	keygen	62%	0.3%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 50, pseudohash 10
`DARTS512`	sign	87%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 77, pseudohash 13
`DARTS512`	verify	77%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 47, pseudohash 6

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`DARTS128`	KAT log (sha256 `4c3aba0cff37de07…`)	`kat/sign-08/DARTS128.log`
`DARTS128`	timing keygen	`records/sign-08/DARTS128__keygen.json`
`DARTS128`	timing sign	`records/sign-08/DARTS128__sign.json`
`DARTS128`	timing verify	`records/sign-08/DARTS128__verify.json`
`DARTS128`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-08/DARTS128__keygen.json`
`DARTS128`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-08/DARTS128__sign.json`
`DARTS128`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-08/DARTS128__verify.json`
`DARTS256`	KAT log (sha256 `1065552e8693eea5…`)	`kat/sign-08/DARTS256.log`
`DARTS256`	timing keygen	`records/sign-08/DARTS256__keygen.json`
`DARTS256`	timing sign	`records/sign-08/DARTS256__sign.json`
`DARTS256`	timing verify	`records/sign-08/DARTS256__verify.json`
`DARTS256`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-08/DARTS256__keygen.json`
`DARTS256`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-08/DARTS256__sign.json`
`DARTS256`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-08/DARTS256__verify.json`
`DARTS512`	KAT log (sha256 `0e8b13a8e44fe5d8…`)	`kat/sign-08/DARTS512.log`
`DARTS512`	timing keygen	`records/sign-08/DARTS512__keygen.json`
`DARTS512`	timing sign	`records/sign-08/DARTS512__sign.json`
`DARTS512`	timing verify	`records/sign-08/DARTS512__verify.json`
`DARTS512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-08/DARTS512__keygen.json`
`DARTS512`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-08/DARTS512__sign.json`
`DARTS512`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-08/DARTS512__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.