Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-09 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-09 DOVE — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: DOVE
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: dove_classic_128, dove_classic_256, dove_classic_512, dove_pkc_skc_128, dove_pkc_skc_256, dove_pkc_skc_512
Security evaluation: sign-09 report
Measurement method: x86_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock	max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory	31788 MiB
OS / kernel	Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool	gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-09/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`dove_classic_128`	guide	PASS
`dove_classic_256`	guide	PASS
`dove_classic_512`	guide	PASS
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	guide	PASS
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	guide	PASS
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`dove_classic_128`	keygen	101.87 M	48.7 ms	20.5	48.7 ms	105 (5 × 21)
`dove_classic_128`	sign	4.72 M	2.26 ms	442	2.26 ms	2180 (5 × 436)
`dove_classic_128`	verify	4.36 M	2.08 ms	480	2.07 ms	2350 (5 × 470)
`dove_classic_256`	keygen	2.16 G	1.04 s	0.965	1.04 s	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_classic_256`	sign	49.56 M	23.8 ms	41.9	23.8 ms	210 (5 × 42)
`dove_classic_256`	verify	43.98 M	21.1 ms	47.5	21 ms	235 (5 × 47)
`dove_classic_512`	keygen	48.53 G	23.3 s	0.0429	23.3 s	35 (5 × 7)
`dove_classic_512`	sign	529.87 M	255 ms	3.92	255 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_classic_512`	verify	478.61 M	232 ms	4.32	230 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	keygen	89.58 M	42.8 ms	23.4	42.8 ms	120 (5 × 24)
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	sign	27.89 M	13.3 ms	75.1	13.3 ms	375 (5 × 75)
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	verify	11.21 M	5.35 ms	187	5.35 ms	930 (5 × 186)
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	keygen	2.02 G	970 ms	1.03	972 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	sign	409.22 M	197 ms	5.08	195 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	verify	118.08 M	56.5 ms	17.7	56.4 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	keygen	46.96 G	22.5 s	0.0444	22.5 s	35 (5 × 7)
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	sign	6.12 G	2.94 s	0.34	2.94 s	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	verify	1.30 G	629 ms	1.59	630 ms	100 (5 × 20)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`dove_classic_128`	keygen	37149	1724 KiB	2276 KiB
`dove_classic_128`	sign	37149	2188 KiB	2260 KiB
`dove_classic_128`	verify	37149	2196 KiB	2260 KiB
`dove_classic_256`	keygen	37373	1708 KiB	6244 KiB
`dove_classic_256`	sign	37373	5788 KiB	6244 KiB
`dove_classic_256`	verify	37373	5792 KiB	5948 KiB
`dove_classic_512`	keygen	37981	1724 KiB	48468 KiB
`dove_classic_512`	sign	37981	44000 KiB	48344 KiB
`dove_classic_512`	verify	37981	44032 KiB	48148 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	keygen	36861	1768 KiB	1924 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	sign	36861	1840 KiB	1952 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	verify	36861	1856 KiB	1920 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	keygen	37117	1724 KiB	2792 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	sign	37117	2348 KiB	2916 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	verify	37117	2320 KiB	2576 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	keygen	37629	1708 KiB	11364 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	sign	37629	6932 KiB	11384 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	verify	37629	6968 KiB	11052 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`dove_classic_128`	191646	192990	136
`dove_classic_256`	2050352	1925976	296
`dove_classic_512`	22833052	20181508	648
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	43576	24	136
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	446992	40	296
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	5062192	72	648

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`dove_classic_128`	keygen	19%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 140
`dove_classic_128`	sign	0.4%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3
`dove_classic_128`	verify	0.1%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1
`dove_classic_256`	keygen	10%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 299
`dove_classic_256`	sign	0.1%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3
`dove_classic_256`	verify	0.0%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1
`dove_classic_512`	keygen	5.0%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 664
`dove_classic_512`	sign	0.0%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3
`dove_classic_512`	verify	0.0%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	keygen	7.8%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 52
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	sign	25%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 55
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	verify	61%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 52
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	keygen	3.7%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 107
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	sign	18%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 110
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	verify	63%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 107
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	keygen	1.8%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 232
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	sign	14%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 235
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	verify	63%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 232

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`dove_classic_128`	KAT log (sha256 `89d908ec521c5449…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_classic_128.log`
`dove_classic_128`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_128__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_128`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_128__sign.json`
`dove_classic_128`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_128__verify.json`
`dove_classic_128`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_128__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_128`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_128__sign.json`
`dove_classic_128`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_128__verify.json`
`dove_classic_256`	KAT log (sha256 `c6190207227a8975…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_classic_256.log`
`dove_classic_256`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_256__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_256`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_256__sign.json`
`dove_classic_256`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_256__verify.json`
`dove_classic_256`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_256__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_256`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_256__sign.json`
`dove_classic_256`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_256__verify.json`
`dove_classic_512`	KAT log (sha256 `648b6d6e96f5ee20…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_classic_512.log`
`dove_classic_512`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_512__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_512`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_512__sign.json`
`dove_classic_512`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_512__verify.json`
`dove_classic_512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_512__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_512`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_512__sign.json`
`dove_classic_512`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_512__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	KAT log (sha256 `0bb503ffe73aacc5…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128.log`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	KAT log (sha256 `74fdb823d2946684…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256.log`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	KAT log (sha256 `fe782d759aa37f89…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512.log`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.