Performance measurements › arm_1 › sign-09 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-09 DOVE — performance on AArch64 (system arm_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS ARM self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: DOVE
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: dove_classic_128, dove_classic_256, dove_classic_512, dove_pkc_skc_128, dove_pkc_skc_256, dove_pkc_skc_512
Security evaluation: sign-09 report
Measurement method: arm_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	Qualcomm Oryon (CPU 2, one core)
machine	ASUS Vivobook S 15
clock	fixed 2.71 GHz (governor performance, minimum = maximum), boost off, SMT none
memory	30562 MiB
OS / kernel	Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS / 7.0.0-34-generic
compiler / build tool	gcc (Ubuntu 15.2.0-16ubuntu1) 15.2.0 / cmake version 4.2.3
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-28T15:05:46 / 2026-09-29T08:43:52

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-09/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`dove_classic_128`	guide	PASS
`dove_classic_256`	guide	PASS
`dove_classic_512`	guide	PASS
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	guide	PASS
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	guide	PASS
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`dove_classic_128`	keygen	96.51 M	35.8 ms	27.9	35.8 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_classic_128`	sign	2.22 M	822 µs	1.22e+03	822 µs	3795 (5 × 759)
`dove_classic_128`	verify	1.18 M	438 µs	2.28e+03	438 µs	7145 (5 × 1429)
`dove_classic_256`	keygen	1.98 G	736 ms	1.36	736 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_classic_256`	sign	21.95 M	8.14 ms	123	8.14 ms	390 (5 × 78)
`dove_classic_256`	verify	4.93 M	1.84 ms	544	1.83 ms	1715 (5 × 343)
`dove_classic_512`	keygen	45.42 G	16.9 s	0.0593	16.9 s	20 (5 × 4)
`dove_classic_512`	sign	242.40 M	90 ms	11.1	90 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_classic_512`	verify	59.19 M	22 ms	45.5	22 ms	145 (5 × 29)
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	keygen	85.06 M	31.6 ms	31.7	31.6 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	sign	24.15 M	8.96 ms	112	8.96 ms	355 (5 × 71)
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	verify	7.57 M	2.81 ms	356	2.81 ms	1125 (5 × 225)
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	keygen	1.86 G	689 ms	1.45	689 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	sign	355.93 M	132 ms	7.57	132 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	verify	74.47 M	27.6 ms	36.2	27.4 ms	120 (5 × 24)
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	keygen	43.98 G	16.3 s	0.0613	16.3 s	20 (5 × 4)
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	sign	5.50 G	2.04 s	0.49	2.04 s	100 (5 × 20)
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	verify	822.09 M	305 ms	3.28	305 ms	100 (5 × 20)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`dove_classic_128`	keygen	34236	1800 KiB	1960 KiB
`dove_classic_128`	sign	34236	3520 KiB	3592 KiB
`dove_classic_128`	verify	34236	3564 KiB	3628 KiB
`dove_classic_256`	keygen	34192	3428 KiB	7956 KiB
`dove_classic_256`	sign	34192	7420 KiB	7496 KiB
`dove_classic_256`	verify	34192	7380 KiB	7564 KiB
`dove_classic_512`	keygen	34684	1436 KiB	50004 KiB
`dove_classic_512`	sign	34684	45656 KiB	49864 KiB
`dove_classic_512`	verify	34684	45488 KiB	49312 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	keygen	34084	1468 KiB	1628 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	sign	34084	1556 KiB	1636 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	verify	34084	1564 KiB	1628 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	keygen	34008	3552 KiB	4428 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	sign	34008	3940 KiB	4576 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	verify	34008	4044 KiB	4264 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	keygen	34400	1432 KiB	13080 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	sign	34400	8368 KiB	12576 KiB
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	verify	34400	8652 KiB	12868 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`dove_classic_128`	191646	192990	136
`dove_classic_256`	2050352	1925976	296
`dove_classic_512`	22833052	20181508	648
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	43576	24	136
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	446992	40	296
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	5062192	72	648

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`dove_classic_128`	keygen	19%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 140
`dove_classic_128`	sign	0.7%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3
`dove_classic_128`	verify	0.5%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1
`dove_classic_256`	keygen	10%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 299
`dove_classic_256`	sign	0.2%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3
`dove_classic_256`	verify	0.2%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1
`dove_classic_512`	keygen	4.9%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 664
`dove_classic_512`	sign	0.0%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 3
`dove_classic_512`	verify	0.0%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 1
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	keygen	7.8%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 52
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	sign	27%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 55
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	verify	84%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 52
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	keygen	3.7%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 107
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	sign	20%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 110
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	verify	93%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 107
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	keygen	1.7%	0.0%	drng 1, pseudoXOF 232
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	sign	14%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 235
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	verify	93%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 232

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/arm_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`dove_classic_128`	KAT log (sha256 `23e16a529c5a6371…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_classic_128.log`
`dove_classic_128`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_128__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_128`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_128__sign.json`
`dove_classic_128`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_128__verify.json`
`dove_classic_128`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_128__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_128`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_128__sign.json`
`dove_classic_128`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_128__verify.json`
`dove_classic_256`	KAT log (sha256 `792c5647145ad4a7…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_classic_256.log`
`dove_classic_256`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_256__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_256`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_256__sign.json`
`dove_classic_256`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_256__verify.json`
`dove_classic_256`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_256__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_256`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_256__sign.json`
`dove_classic_256`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_256__verify.json`
`dove_classic_512`	KAT log (sha256 `69edb4f157ff011e…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_classic_512.log`
`dove_classic_512`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_512__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_512`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_512__sign.json`
`dove_classic_512`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_classic_512__verify.json`
`dove_classic_512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_512__keygen.json`
`dove_classic_512`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_512__sign.json`
`dove_classic_512`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_classic_512__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	KAT log (sha256 `f3c805d44d668704…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128.log`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_128`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_128__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	KAT log (sha256 `b40153a220226c63…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256.log`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_256`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_256__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	KAT log (sha256 `cc7cb2851e54484f…`)	`kat/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512.log`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	timing keygen	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	timing sign	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	timing verify	`records/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__verify.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__keygen.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__sign.json`
`dove_pkc_skc_512`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-09/dove_pkc_skc_512__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.