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Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-13 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-13 GreatWall Signature Algorithm — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

2. Assessment environment

item value
processor 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory 31788 MiB
OS / kernel Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC) 2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-13/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance build flags KAT
GreatWall128f harness-default PASS
GreatWall128s harness-default PASS
GreatWall192f harness-default PASS
GreatWall192s harness-default PASS
GreatWall256f harness-default PASS
GreatWall256s harness-default PASS
GreatWall512f harness-default PASS
GreatWall512s harness-default PASS

4. Performance

instance operation mean cycles mean time ops/s median trial n (trials × iters)
GreatWall128f keygen 5.88 M 2.81 ms 356 2.81 ms 5440 (5 × 1088)
GreatWall128f sign 137.40 M 65.7 ms 15.2 65.7 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall128f verify 101.83 M 48.6 ms 20.6 48.6 ms 105 (5 × 21)
GreatWall128s keygen 5.89 M 2.84 ms 352 2.82 ms 5350 (5 × 1070)
GreatWall128s sign 632.05 M 304 ms 3.29 301 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall128s verify 538.77 M 257 ms 3.88 257 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192f keygen 13.49 M 6.45 ms 155 6.44 ms 635 (5 × 127)
GreatWall192f sign 450.19 M 217 ms 4.61 216 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192f verify 311.50 M 149 ms 6.71 149 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192s keygen 13.54 M 6.47 ms 155 6.47 ms 630 (5 × 126)
GreatWall192s sign 1.95 G 938 ms 1.07 940 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192s verify 1.81 G 867 ms 1.15 864 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256f keygen 27.35 M 13.1 ms 76.5 13.1 ms 360 (5 × 72)
GreatWall256f sign 1.04 G 502 ms 1.99 499 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256f verify 699.87 M 336 ms 2.98 334 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256s keygen 27.36 M 13.1 ms 76.5 13.1 ms 360 (5 × 72)
GreatWall256s sign 3.65 G 1.75 s 0.57 1.75 s 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256s verify 3.30 G 1.58 s 0.633 1.58 s 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall512f keygen 121.94 M 58.5 ms 17.1 58.5 ms 210 (5 × 42)
GreatWall512f sign 9.92 G 4.74 s 0.211 4.74 s 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall512f verify 5.91 G 2.83 s 0.353 2.84 s 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall512s keygen 121.91 M 58.5 ms 17.1 58.5 ms 210 (5 × 42)
GreatWall512s sign 24.65 G 11.8 s 0.0846 11.8 s 75 (5 × 15)
GreatWall512s verify 20.69 G 9.92 s 0.101 9.92 s 90 (5 × 18)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance operation static: ELF image (bytes) baseline RSS peak RSS
GreatWall128f keygen 232617 1788 KiB 1940 KiB
GreatWall128f sign 232617 1856 KiB 2368 KiB
GreatWall128f verify 232617 2208 KiB 2360 KiB
GreatWall128s keygen 231553 1780 KiB 1948 KiB
GreatWall128s sign 231553 1824 KiB 4836 KiB
GreatWall128s verify 231553 1992 KiB 4536 KiB
GreatWall192f keygen 236377 1804 KiB 1932 KiB
GreatWall192f sign 236377 1856 KiB 3044 KiB
GreatWall192f verify 236377 2216 KiB 2680 KiB
GreatWall192s keygen 236433 1812 KiB 1960 KiB
GreatWall192s sign 236433 1832 KiB 11296 KiB
GreatWall192s verify 236433 2112 KiB 10904 KiB
GreatWall256f keygen 318657 1804 KiB 1968 KiB
GreatWall256f sign 318657 1904 KiB 4196 KiB
GreatWall256f verify 318657 2316 KiB 3524 KiB
GreatWall256s keygen 318977 1812 KiB 2012 KiB
GreatWall256s sign 318977 1888 KiB 17748 KiB
GreatWall256s verify 318977 2328 KiB 17148 KiB
GreatWall512f keygen 447001 1860 KiB 2212 KiB
GreatWall512f sign 447001 2100 KiB 11372 KiB
GreatWall512f verify 447001 3208 KiB 10156 KiB
GreatWall512s keygen 449169 1848 KiB 2152 KiB
GreatWall512s sign 449169 2052 KiB 76928 KiB
GreatWall512s verify 449169 3196 KiB 75688 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance public key secret key signature
GreatWall128f 36 36 3396
GreatWall128s 36 36 2758
GreatWall192f 50 50 8012
GreatWall192s 50 50 6804
GreatWall256f 66 66 14260
GreatWall256s 66 66 12236
GreatWall512f 132 132 57812
GreatWall512s 132 132 50012

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: bypass — own XKCP Keccak + AES-CTR PRGs; no auxfunc.c shipped

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance operation pseudohash/XOF/sm3 DRNG calls per operation
GreatWall128f keygen 0.0% 0.4% drng 4.12
GreatWall128f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall128f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall128s keygen 0.0% 0.4% drng 4.12
GreatWall128s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall128s verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall192f keygen 0.0% 0.2% drng 3.9
GreatWall192f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall192f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall192s keygen 0.0% 0.2% drng 3.9
GreatWall192s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall192s verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall256f keygen 0.0% 0.1% drng 4.44
GreatWall256f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall256f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall256s keygen 0.0% 0.1% drng 4.44
GreatWall256s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall256s verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall512f keygen 0.0% 0.1% drng 4.57
GreatWall512f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall512f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall512s keygen 0.0% 0.1% drng 4.57
GreatWall512s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall512s verify 0.0% 0.0% –

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance item file
GreatWall128f KAT log (sha256 806e3897a6245839…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall128f.log
GreatWall128f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall128f__keygen.json
GreatWall128f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall128f__sign.json
GreatWall128f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall128f__verify.json
GreatWall128f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall128f__keygen.json
GreatWall128f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall128f__sign.json
GreatWall128f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall128f__verify.json
GreatWall128s KAT log (sha256 e131e2d63901312e…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall128s.log
GreatWall128s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall128s__keygen.json
GreatWall128s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall128s__sign.json
GreatWall128s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall128s__verify.json
GreatWall128s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall128s__keygen.json
GreatWall128s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall128s__sign.json
GreatWall128s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall128s__verify.json
GreatWall192f KAT log (sha256 9ebb4cbdfbb76453…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall192f.log
GreatWall192f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall192f__keygen.json
GreatWall192f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall192f__sign.json
GreatWall192f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall192f__verify.json
GreatWall192f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall192f__keygen.json
GreatWall192f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall192f__sign.json
GreatWall192f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall192f__verify.json
GreatWall192s KAT log (sha256 95220c8477f94df0…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall192s.log
GreatWall192s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall192s__keygen.json
GreatWall192s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall192s__sign.json
GreatWall192s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall192s__verify.json
GreatWall192s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall192s__keygen.json
GreatWall192s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall192s__sign.json
GreatWall192s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall192s__verify.json
GreatWall256f KAT log (sha256 43b21cace030fd54…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall256f.log
GreatWall256f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall256f__keygen.json
GreatWall256f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall256f__sign.json
GreatWall256f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall256f__verify.json
GreatWall256f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall256f__keygen.json
GreatWall256f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall256f__sign.json
GreatWall256f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall256f__verify.json
GreatWall256s KAT log (sha256 3716fa72e725e5b8…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall256s.log
GreatWall256s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall256s__keygen.json
GreatWall256s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall256s__sign.json
GreatWall256s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall256s__verify.json
GreatWall256s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall256s__keygen.json
GreatWall256s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall256s__sign.json
GreatWall256s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall256s__verify.json
GreatWall512f KAT log (sha256 91811d84adca092d…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall512f.log
GreatWall512f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall512f__keygen.json
GreatWall512f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall512f__sign.json
GreatWall512f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall512f__verify.json
GreatWall512f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall512f__keygen.json
GreatWall512f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall512f__sign.json
GreatWall512f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall512f__verify.json
GreatWall512s KAT log (sha256 2d5b89d84136e860…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall512s.log
GreatWall512s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall512s__keygen.json
GreatWall512s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall512s__sign.json
GreatWall512s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall512s__verify.json
GreatWall512s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall512s__keygen.json
GreatWall512s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall512s__sign.json
GreatWall512s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall512s__verify.json

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.