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Performance measurements › arm_1 › sign-13 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-13 GreatWall Signature Algorithm — performance on AArch64 (system arm_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS ARM self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

2. Assessment environment

item value
processor Qualcomm Oryon (CPU 2, one core)
machine ASUS Vivobook S 15
clock fixed 2.71 GHz (governor performance, minimum = maximum), boost off, SMT none
memory 30562 MiB
OS / kernel Ubuntu 26.04.1 LTS / 7.0.0-34-generic
compiler / build tool gcc (Ubuntu 15.2.0-16ubuntu1) 15.2.0 / cmake version 4.2.3
campaign start / end (UTC) 2026-09-28T15:05:46 / 2026-09-29T08:43:52

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-13/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance build flags KAT
GreatWall128f harness-default PASS
GreatWall128s harness-default PASS
GreatWall192f harness-default PASS
GreatWall192s harness-default PASS
GreatWall256f harness-default PASS
GreatWall256s harness-default PASS
GreatWall512f harness-default PASS
GreatWall512s harness-default PASS

4. Performance

instance operation mean cycles mean time ops/s median trial n (trials × iters)
GreatWall128f keygen 4.31 M 1.6 ms 626 1.6 ms 5860 (5 × 1172)
GreatWall128f sign 87.08 M 32.3 ms 31 32.3 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall128f verify 64.29 M 23.8 ms 41.9 23.8 ms 135 (5 × 27)
GreatWall128s keygen 4.32 M 1.6 ms 623 1.6 ms 5850 (5 × 1170)
GreatWall128s sign 406.20 M 151 ms 6.63 151 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall128s verify 339.58 M 126 ms 7.94 126 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192f keygen 10.12 M 3.75 ms 267 3.75 ms 690 (5 × 138)
GreatWall192f sign 273.62 M 102 ms 9.85 101 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192f verify 187.41 M 69.5 ms 14.4 69.5 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192s keygen 10.11 M 3.75 ms 267 3.75 ms 690 (5 × 138)
GreatWall192s sign 1.15 G 425 ms 2.35 425 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall192s verify 1.06 G 393 ms 2.55 393 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256f keygen 18.58 M 6.89 ms 145 6.91 ms 420 (5 × 84)
GreatWall256f sign 644.86 M 239 ms 4.18 239 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256f verify 420.43 M 156 ms 6.41 156 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256s keygen 18.75 M 6.96 ms 144 6.97 ms 415 (5 × 83)
GreatWall256s sign 2.09 G 778 ms 1.28 777 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall256s verify 1.86 G 691 ms 1.45 691 ms 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall512f keygen 81.63 M 30.3 ms 33 30.3 ms 270 (5 × 54)
GreatWall512f sign 6.88 G 2.55 s 0.391 2.55 s 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall512f verify 4.29 G 1.59 s 0.629 1.59 s 100 (5 × 20)
GreatWall512s keygen 77.00 M 28.6 ms 35 28.7 ms 265 (5 × 53)
GreatWall512s sign 19.50 G 7.24 s 0.138 7.24 s 50 (5 × 10)
GreatWall512s verify 16.98 G 6.3 s 0.159 6.3 s 55 (5 × 11)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance operation static: ELF image (bytes) baseline RSS peak RSS
GreatWall128f keygen 187488 1524 KiB 1644 KiB
GreatWall128f sign 187488 1580 KiB 3848 KiB
GreatWall128f verify 187488 3868 KiB 3932 KiB
GreatWall128s keygen 186792 3560 KiB 3680 KiB
GreatWall128s sign 186792 1580 KiB 6568 KiB
GreatWall128s verify 186792 3420 KiB 5592 KiB
GreatWall192f keygen 198576 1524 KiB 1652 KiB
GreatWall192f sign 198576 1588 KiB 4568 KiB
GreatWall192f verify 198576 4336 KiB 4400 KiB
GreatWall192s keygen 198712 1528 KiB 1656 KiB
GreatWall192s sign 198712 1592 KiB 12792 KiB
GreatWall192s verify 198712 3804 KiB 11500 KiB
GreatWall256f keygen 256888 1536 KiB 1724 KiB
GreatWall256f sign 256888 1660 KiB 5612 KiB
GreatWall256f verify 256888 3780 KiB 5132 KiB
GreatWall256s keygen 257024 1532 KiB 1720 KiB
GreatWall256s sign 257024 1656 KiB 19024 KiB
GreatWall256s verify 257024 3872 KiB 16840 KiB
GreatWall512f keygen 417016 1576 KiB 1856 KiB
GreatWall512f sign 417016 3780 KiB 12976 KiB
GreatWall512f verify 417016 6856 KiB 11016 KiB
GreatWall512s keygen 418800 1572 KiB 1852 KiB
GreatWall512s sign 418800 1788 KiB 78584 KiB
GreatWall512s verify 418800 4724 KiB 77400 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance public key secret key signature
GreatWall128f 36 36 3396
GreatWall128s 36 36 2758
GreatWall192f 50 50 8012
GreatWall192s 50 50 6804
GreatWall256f 66 66 14260
GreatWall256s 66 66 12236
GreatWall512f 132 132 57812
GreatWall512s 132 132 50012

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: bypass — own XKCP Keccak + AES-CTR PRGs; no auxfunc.c shipped

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance operation pseudohash/XOF/sm3 DRNG calls per operation
GreatWall128f keygen 0.0% 0.5% drng 4.12
GreatWall128f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall128f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall128s keygen 0.0% 0.5% drng 4.12
GreatWall128s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall128s verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall192f keygen 0.0% 0.2% drng 3.76
GreatWall192f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall192f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall192s keygen 0.0% 0.2% drng 3.76
GreatWall192s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall192s verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall256f keygen 0.0% 0.2% drng 4.18
GreatWall256f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall256f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall256s keygen 0.0% 0.2% drng 4.17
GreatWall256s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall256s verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall512f keygen 0.0% 0.1% drng 4.38
GreatWall512f sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall512f verify 0.0% 0.0% –
GreatWall512s keygen 0.0% 0.1% drng 4.41
GreatWall512s sign 0.0% 0.0% drng 1
GreatWall512s verify 0.0% 0.0% –

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/arm_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance item file
GreatWall128f KAT log (sha256 439a03f71d89546b…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall128f.log
GreatWall128f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall128f__keygen.json
GreatWall128f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall128f__sign.json
GreatWall128f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall128f__verify.json
GreatWall128f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall128f__keygen.json
GreatWall128f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall128f__sign.json
GreatWall128f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall128f__verify.json
GreatWall128s KAT log (sha256 03b5259a7b0ff286…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall128s.log
GreatWall128s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall128s__keygen.json
GreatWall128s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall128s__sign.json
GreatWall128s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall128s__verify.json
GreatWall128s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall128s__keygen.json
GreatWall128s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall128s__sign.json
GreatWall128s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall128s__verify.json
GreatWall192f KAT log (sha256 5b0c68a835e4d5c0…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall192f.log
GreatWall192f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall192f__keygen.json
GreatWall192f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall192f__sign.json
GreatWall192f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall192f__verify.json
GreatWall192f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall192f__keygen.json
GreatWall192f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall192f__sign.json
GreatWall192f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall192f__verify.json
GreatWall192s KAT log (sha256 9fe915305328b136…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall192s.log
GreatWall192s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall192s__keygen.json
GreatWall192s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall192s__sign.json
GreatWall192s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall192s__verify.json
GreatWall192s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall192s__keygen.json
GreatWall192s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall192s__sign.json
GreatWall192s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall192s__verify.json
GreatWall256f KAT log (sha256 a0c1f6e245aed742…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall256f.log
GreatWall256f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall256f__keygen.json
GreatWall256f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall256f__sign.json
GreatWall256f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall256f__verify.json
GreatWall256f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall256f__keygen.json
GreatWall256f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall256f__sign.json
GreatWall256f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall256f__verify.json
GreatWall256s KAT log (sha256 b804b3f6c3b3b6c8…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall256s.log
GreatWall256s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall256s__keygen.json
GreatWall256s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall256s__sign.json
GreatWall256s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall256s__verify.json
GreatWall256s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall256s__keygen.json
GreatWall256s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall256s__sign.json
GreatWall256s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall256s__verify.json
GreatWall512f KAT log (sha256 d485ca82b619a3e0…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall512f.log
GreatWall512f timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall512f__keygen.json
GreatWall512f timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall512f__sign.json
GreatWall512f timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall512f__verify.json
GreatWall512f hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall512f__keygen.json
GreatWall512f hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall512f__sign.json
GreatWall512f hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall512f__verify.json
GreatWall512s KAT log (sha256 b67b0331a7feca61…) kat/sign-13/GreatWall512s.log
GreatWall512s timing keygen records/sign-13/GreatWall512s__keygen.json
GreatWall512s timing sign records/sign-13/GreatWall512s__sign.json
GreatWall512s timing verify records/sign-13/GreatWall512s__verify.json
GreatWall512s hash profile keygen profile/sign-13/GreatWall512s__keygen.json
GreatWall512s hash profile sign profile/sign-13/GreatWall512s__sign.json
GreatWall512s hash profile verify profile/sign-13/GreatWall512s__verify.json

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.