Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-20 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-20 Qing Luan — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: Qing Luan
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: QingLuan-128, QingLuan-256, QingLuan-384, QingLuan-512
Security evaluation: sign-20 report
Measurement method: x86_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock	max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory	31788 MiB
OS / kernel	Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool	gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-20/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`QingLuan-128`	guide	PASS
`QingLuan-256`	guide	PASS
`QingLuan-384`	guide	PASS
`QingLuan-512`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`QingLuan-128`	keygen	272.2 k	130 µs	7.69e+03	130 µs	35075 (5 × 7015)
`QingLuan-128`	sign	16.41 M	7.84 ms	128	7.84 ms	635 (5 × 127)
`QingLuan-128`	verify	7.15 M	3.42 ms	293	3.42 ms	1450 (5 × 290)
`QingLuan-256`	keygen	1.67 M	796 µs	1.26e+03	796 µs	5750 (5 × 1150)
`QingLuan-256`	sign	103.95 M	49.8 ms	20.1	49.8 ms	105 (5 × 21)
`QingLuan-256`	verify	45.53 M	21.8 ms	46	21.8 ms	230 (5 × 46)
`QingLuan-384`	keygen	3.58 M	1.71 ms	585	1.71 ms	2885 (5 × 577)
`QingLuan-384`	sign	257.81 M	123 ms	8.1	123 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`QingLuan-384`	verify	115.85 M	55.5 ms	18	55.5 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`QingLuan-512`	keygen	8.80 M	4.2 ms	238	4.2 ms	1170 (5 × 234)
`QingLuan-512`	sign	612.04 M	294 ms	3.4	293 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`QingLuan-512`	verify	274.42 M	131 ms	7.61	131 ms	100 (5 × 20)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`QingLuan-128`	keygen	34189	1712 KiB	1824 KiB
`QingLuan-128`	sign	34189	1724 KiB	1940 KiB
`QingLuan-128`	verify	34189	1832 KiB	1928 KiB
`QingLuan-256`	keygen	34789	1780 KiB	1860 KiB
`QingLuan-256`	sign	34789	1796 KiB	2436 KiB
`QingLuan-256`	verify	34789	2228 KiB	2328 KiB
`QingLuan-384`	keygen	34853	1684 KiB	1824 KiB
`QingLuan-384`	sign	34853	1732 KiB	3184 KiB
`QingLuan-384`	verify	34853	2308 KiB	2920 KiB
`QingLuan-512`	keygen	35285	1720 KiB	1844 KiB
`QingLuan-512`	sign	35285	1752 KiB	4348 KiB
`QingLuan-512`	verify	35285	2804 KiB	3852 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`QingLuan-128`	77	32	18720
`QingLuan-256`	153	64	74248
`QingLuan-384`	227	96	164940
`QingLuan-512`	302	128	292816

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only — builds wide hash and counter XOF on sm3hash, not pseudohash/pseudoXOF

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`QingLuan-128`	keygen	69%	1.6%	drng 1, sm3hash 133
`QingLuan-128`	sign	62%	0.1%	drng 2, sm3hash 5.93e+03
`QingLuan-128`	verify	66%	0.0%	sm3hash 2.54e+03
`QingLuan-256`	keygen	82%	0.4%	drng 1, sm3hash 497
`QingLuan-256`	sign	72%	0.0%	drng 2, sm3hash 2.28e+04
`QingLuan-256`	verify	77%	0.0%	sm3hash 9.73e+03
`QingLuan-384`	keygen	82%	0.2%	drng 1, sm3hash 1.07e+03
`QingLuan-384`	sign	72%	0.0%	drng 2, sm3hash 5.01e+04
`QingLuan-384`	verify	79%	0.0%	sm3hash 2.13e+04
`QingLuan-512`	keygen	88%	0.1%	drng 1, sm3hash 1.87e+03
`QingLuan-512`	sign	77%	0.0%	drng 2, sm3hash 8.85e+04
`QingLuan-512`	verify	83%	0.0%	sm3hash 3.76e+04

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`QingLuan-128`	KAT log (sha256 `126aa127d1420623…`)	`kat/sign-20/QingLuan-128.log`
`QingLuan-128`	timing keygen	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-128__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-128`	timing sign	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-128__sign.json`
`QingLuan-128`	timing verify	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-128__verify.json`
`QingLuan-128`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-128__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-128`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-128__sign.json`
`QingLuan-128`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-128__verify.json`
`QingLuan-256`	KAT log (sha256 `654d932cf1d9afd7…`)	`kat/sign-20/QingLuan-256.log`
`QingLuan-256`	timing keygen	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-256__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-256`	timing sign	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-256__sign.json`
`QingLuan-256`	timing verify	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-256__verify.json`
`QingLuan-256`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-256__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-256`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-256__sign.json`
`QingLuan-256`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-256__verify.json`
`QingLuan-384`	KAT log (sha256 `b6444860391972e7…`)	`kat/sign-20/QingLuan-384.log`
`QingLuan-384`	timing keygen	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-384__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-384`	timing sign	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-384__sign.json`
`QingLuan-384`	timing verify	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-384__verify.json`
`QingLuan-384`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-384__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-384`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-384__sign.json`
`QingLuan-384`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-384__verify.json`
`QingLuan-512`	KAT log (sha256 `bc89409ddc7e6a7a…`)	`kat/sign-20/QingLuan-512.log`
`QingLuan-512`	timing keygen	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-512__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-512`	timing sign	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-512__sign.json`
`QingLuan-512`	timing verify	`records/sign-20/QingLuan-512__verify.json`
`QingLuan-512`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-512__keygen.json`
`QingLuan-512`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-512__sign.json`
`QingLuan-512`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-20/QingLuan-512__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.