Performance measurements › x86_1 › sign-27 · system: x86_1 · arm_1

sign-27 SQIsignTriangle — performance on x86-64 (system x86_1)

Independent measurement following the structure of the NICCS x86 self-assessment guide, §3.5 (1)–(7). Not a submitter self-assessment.

1. Basic information

Category: public-key algorithm; function: digital signature
Algorithm: SQIsignTriangle
Implementation versions measured: reference
Parameter sets: SQIsignTriangle_lvl1, SQIsignTriangle_lvl2, SQIsignTriangle_lvl5, SQIsignTriangle_lvl6
Security evaluation: sign-27 report
Measurement method: x86_1 method
Submission: NICCS page

2. Assessment environment

item	value
processor	12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12700 (CPU 2, one core)
clock	max 2.10 GHz, governor performance, turbo off, SMT off
memory	31788 MiB
OS / kernel	Debian GNU/Linux 13 (trixie) / 6.12.107+deb13-amd64
compiler / build tool	gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0 / cmake version 3.31.6
campaign start / end (UTC)	2026-09-25T10:02:21 / 2026-09-28T10:51:21

3. Functional testing (KAT)

Each library was checked against the submitted KAT vectors (SHA-256 manifest sign-27/kat.sha256 in the harness) before timing.

instance	build flags	KAT
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	guide	PASS
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	guide	PASS
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	guide	PASS
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	guide	PASS

4. Performance

instance	operation	mean cycles	mean time	ops/s	median trial	n (trials × iters)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	keygen	108.98 M	52.1 ms	19.2	52.1 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	sign	203.28 M	97.1 ms	10.3	97.1 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	verify	19.98 M	9.54 ms	105	9.49 ms	525 (5 × 105)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	keygen	164.50 M	78.6 ms	12.7	78.6 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	sign	373.20 M	178 ms	5.61	178 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	verify	32.79 M	15.7 ms	63.9	15.7 ms	320 (5 × 64)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	keygen	533.79 M	255 ms	3.92	255 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	sign	1.06 G	508 ms	1.97	506 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	verify	155.70 M	74.4 ms	13.4	74.4 ms	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	keygen	4.16 G	2 s	0.501	2 s	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	sign	10.05 G	4.83 s	0.207	4.83 s	100 (5 × 20)
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	verify	3.31 G	1.59 s	0.63	1.59 s	100 (5 × 20)

5. Resource consumption

Static memory is approximated by the library's loadable ELF segments; peak memory is the process high-water mark (VmHWM) including the benchmark driver and libc, so both are upper-bound proxies rather than isolated algorithm memory.

instance	operation	static: ELF image (bytes)	baseline RSS	peak RSS
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	keygen	275681	2208 KiB	3028 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	sign	275681	2900 KiB	3160 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	verify	275681	3008 KiB	3072 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	keygen	267729	2232 KiB	3084 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	sign	267729	2900 KiB	3196 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	verify	267729	3012 KiB	3080 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	keygen	268609	2200 KiB	3180 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	sign	268609	2964 KiB	3280 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	verify	268609	3140 KiB	3208 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	keygen	284229	2240 KiB	3372 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	sign	284229	3172 KiB	3492 KiB
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	verify	284229	3364 KiB	3452 KiB

6. Transmission and storage overhead

External public-key, ciphertext and signature sizes follow the curated performance/external_sizes.csv catalog; secret-key and shared-secret lengths remain API figures. See the size audit for disagreements.

instance	public key	secret key	signature
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	65	353	204
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	81	437	255
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	129	701	408
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	257	1409	816

Symmetric primitives

Survey verdict: ICCS-only — shake* names are shims over pseudoXOF

Share of each operation spent in the ICCS placeholder hash functions and in the ICCS DRNG (reference build, measured in the same run with link-time wrappers):

instance	operation	pseudohash/XOF/sm3	DRNG	calls per operation
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	keygen	0.0%	7.2%	drng 1.76e+03
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	sign	1.6%	7.9%	drng 3.5e+03, pseudoXOF 37.4
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	verify	3.4%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 21
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	keygen	0.0%	4.4%	drng 1.54e+03
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	sign	3.4%	4.9%	drng 3.63e+03, pseudoXOF 50.9
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	verify	0.4%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 7
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	keygen	0.0%	3.5%	drng 3.79e+03
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	sign	4.7%	2.9%	drng 7.84e+03, pseudoXOF 79.5
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	verify	39%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 121
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	keygen	0.0%	0.6%	drng 4.72e+03
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	sign	1.7%	0.6%	drng 1.09e+04, pseudoXOF 106
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	verify	83%	0.0%	pseudoXOF 506

7. Raw evidence index

Paths are relative to performance/data/x86_1/ in the harness; each JSON file records its commands, environment and trials.

instance	item	file
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	KAT log (sha256 `ce1a0bde8562c494…`)	`kat/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1.log`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	timing keygen	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	timing sign	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	timing verify	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl1`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl1__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	KAT log (sha256 `a6394a9518e2a6d2…`)	`kat/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2.log`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	timing keygen	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	timing sign	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	timing verify	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl2`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl2__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	KAT log (sha256 `212314496d10cd49…`)	`kat/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5.log`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	timing keygen	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	timing sign	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	timing verify	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl5`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl5__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	KAT log (sha256 `c9a77f77a6b42ff4…`)	`kat/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6.log`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	timing keygen	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	timing sign	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	timing verify	`records/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6__verify.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	hash profile keygen	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6__keygen.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	hash profile sign	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6__sign.json`
`SQIsignTriangle_lvl6`	hash profile verify	`profile/sign-27/SQIsignTriangle_lvl6__verify.json`

Scripts: performance/campaign.py, performance/ngcc_perf.c, performance/hashprof/ in the harness.