Performance measurements › system: x86_1 · arm_1

Ordered measurements (arm_1, 128-bit)

Target: 128-bit · 256-bit · 512-bit

Order: each metric is ranked separately; overall is their mean rank. Lower is better, and ties share the average position.
Scope: eligible reference instances at the 128-bit target. The recommended set represents a candidate; otherwise the fastest eligible set by mean cycle rank does. Key generation and secret-key size are excluded.
Cycles: (hash %) is time in ICCS placeholder hashes; (??%) means no ICCS-facing backend was measured. Hash × values compare with the matching pseudoXOF.
Bytes: KEX bandwidth includes exchanged public keys. KEM public-key size is separate from ciphertext size. ≈ marks a nominal variable-length signature. See the size audit for accounting details.
Security badge: number of active findings at the candidate's highest severity; it does not affect the order.

Digital Signatures (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	sign cycles	verify cycles	public key	signature
1	(9.2) `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA 1	1.69 M (88%) `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG	182.2 k (65%) `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA	32 B `sign-05` Chinith	40 B `sign-10` Facto-DSA
2	(10.5) `sign-02` BiT 3	1.76 M (69%) `sign-02` BiT	274.1 k (64%) `sign-22` Rhyme	32 B `sign-19` Phoenix	85 B `sign-33` VDOO
3	(10.8) `sign-10` Facto-DSA 2	1.84 M (56%) `sign-16` Octarine	316.0 k (68%) `sign-08` DARTS	36 B `sign-13` GreatWall	116 B `sign-18` Origami
4	(10.8) `sign-22` Rhyme 4	1.91 M (0.6%) `sign-10` Facto-DSA	395.0 k (75%) `sign-02` BiT	40 B `sign-03` CEDRUS-C	136 B `sign-09` DOVE
5	(12.5) `sign-07` CS 4	2.22 M (0.7%) `sign-09` DOVE	494.1 k (11%) `sign-01` Aigis-Sig	40 B `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha	218 B `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push
6	(12.8) `sign-09` DOVE 2	2.52 M (90%) `sign-17` OPS	522.9 k (6.9%) `sign-07` CS	40 B `sign-11` FlexTree	248 B `sign-25` SQIsign2D2
7	(13.2) `sign-23` Shuttle 2	3.39 M (74%) `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS	767.8 k (55%) `sign-16` Octarine	40 B `sign-12` Galas	255 B `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle
8	(13.5) `sign-01` Aigis-Sig 3	3.72 M (62%) `sign-07` CS	909.9 k (88%) `sign-10` Facto-DSA	40 B `sign-14` Lynxer	561 B `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA
9	(13.8) `sign-08` DARTS 3	3.80 M (81%) `sign-22` Rhyme	1.05 M (??%) `sign-23` Shuttle	51 B `sign-29` Tins	896 B `sign-31` TSUOV
10	(14.0) `sign-16` Octarine 2	4.31 M (??%) `sign-23` Shuttle	1.18 M (0.5%) `sign-09` DOVE	77 B `sign-20` Qing-Luan	1,183 B `sign-23` Shuttle
11	(14.2) `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG 4	6.71 M (2.4%) `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA	1.27 M (93%) `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG	80 B `sign-25` SQIsign2D2	1,244 B `sign-32` UVW
12	(14.2) `sign-31` TSUOV 1	9.75 M (65%) `sign-01` Aigis-Sig	1.80 M (0.3%) `sign-33` VDOO	80 B `sign-28` SYDO	1,449 B `sign-08` DARTS
13	(15.4) `sign-25` SQIsign2D2 2	11.95 M (64%) `sign-31` TSUOV	2.05 M (87%) `sign-17` OPS	81 B `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle	≈1,483 B `sign-22` Rhyme
14	(15.6) `sign-05` Chinith 2	14.93 M (63%) `sign-20` Qing-Luan	2.57 M (84%) `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS	96 B `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push	1,504 B `sign-02` BiT
15	(16.2) `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS 8	24.05 M (13%) `sign-05` Chinith	5.54 M (1.3%) `sign-19` Phoenix	112 B `sign-24` Sigurd	1,548 B `sign-07` CS
16	(16.6) `sign-19` Phoenix 1	30.42 M (36%) `sign-24` Sigurd	6.83 M (64%) `sign-20` Qing-Luan	121 B `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha	1,652 B `sign-30` TRINE
17	(16.8) `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle 3	42.56 M (90%) `sign-08` DARTS	10.50 M (71%) `sign-31` TSUOV	738 B `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA	2,015 B `sign-01` Aigis-Sig
18	(16.8) `sign-33` VDOO 5	87.08 M (??%) `sign-13` GreatWall	13.81 M (45%) `sign-24` Sigurd	779 B `sign-31` TSUOV	2,080 B `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG
19	(17.2) `sign-13` GreatWall 3	132.36 M (3.1%) `sign-25` SQIsign2D2	14.58 M (97%) `sign-03` CEDRUS-C	800 B `sign-22` Rhyme	2,081 B `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS
20	(17.5) `sign-17` OPS 1	180.66 M (0.0%) `sign-33` VDOO	14.81 M (97%) `sign-11` FlexTree	928 B `sign-01` Aigis-Sig	2,564 B `sign-16` Octarine
21	(17.8) `sign-20` Qing-Luan 2	200.57 M (4.2%) `sign-19` Phoenix	16.75 M (97%) `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha	976 B `sign-07` CS	3,284 B `sign-29` Tins
22	(20.2) `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push 1	265.41 M (3.3%) `sign-28` SYDO	22.86 M (10%) `sign-05` Chinith	1,048 B `sign-02` BiT	3,396 B `sign-13` GreatWall
23	(20.8) `sign-11` FlexTree 2	343.83 M (6.1%) `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle	23.04 M (88%) `sign-18` Origami	1,120 B `sign-08` DARTS	4,349 B `sign-17` OPS
24	(20.8) `sign-24` Sigurd 2	403.20 M (18%) `sign-14` Lynxer	25.75 M (0.4%) `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle	1,264 B `sign-23` Shuttle	4,932 B `sign-05` Chinith
25	(21.0) `sign-03` CEDRUS-C 1	454.96 M (3.6%) `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha	30.45 M (20%) `sign-25` SQIsign2D2	1,328 B `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS	5,801 B `sign-14` Lynxer
26	(21.0) `sign-14` Lynxer 3	488.05 M (97%) `sign-03` CEDRUS-C	64.29 M (??%) `sign-13` GreatWall	1,344 B `sign-16` Octarine	5,964 B `sign-12` Galas
27	(21.0) `sign-18` Origami 2	532.03 M (91%) `sign-11` FlexTree	225.85 M (2.1%) `sign-32` UVW	1,664 B `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG	6,724 B `sign-28` SYDO
28	(21.8) `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha 2	539.58 M (97%) `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha	246.41 M (3.6%) `sign-28` SYDO	2,560 B `sign-17` OPS	6,851 B `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha
29	(22.1) `sign-28` SYDO 1	816.33 M (86%) `sign-18` Origami	352.92 M (7.8%) `sign-14` Lynxer	2,996 B `sign-18` Origami	13,670 B `sign-19` Phoenix
30	(23.2) `sign-29` Tins 2	1.18 G (21%) `sign-29` Tins	400.18 M (0.0%) `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push	40,040 B `sign-10` Facto-DSA	18,672 B `sign-11` FlexTree
31	(23.8) `sign-12` Galas 2	1.58 G (4.7%) `sign-12` Galas	429.40 M (2.5%) `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha	63,920 B `sign-30` TRINE	18,720 B `sign-20` Qing-Luan
32	(25.0) `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha 2	2.89 G (0.0%) `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push	968.28 M (7.5%) `sign-12` Galas	191,646 B `sign-09` DOVE	19,420 B `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha
33	(26.5) `sign-32` UVW 2	14.43 G (20%) `sign-30` TRINE	1.09 G (22%) `sign-29` Tins	330,855 B `sign-33` VDOO	19,812 B `sign-03` CEDRUS-C
34	(28.5) `sign-30` TRINE 4	21.01 G (0.0%) `sign-32` UVW	7.05 G (19%) `sign-30` TRINE	5,897,612 B `sign-32` UVW	≈25,108 B `sign-24` Sigurd

Key Encapsulation (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	encapsulate cycles	decapsulate cycles	public key	ciphertext
1	(3.2) `kem-12` CTL 2	49.2 k (14%) `kem-12` CTL	67.5 k (51%) `kem-25` NEV	389 B `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE	473 B `kem-12` CTL
2	(5.1) `kem-15` FLIT 1	71.5 k (68%) `kem-25` NEV	73.4 k (44%) `kem-27` NTRE	521 B `kem-12` CTL	512 B `kem-14` DTRU
3	(5.2) `kem-14` DTRU 1	75.3 k (35%) `kem-14` DTRU	74.9 k (52%) `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU	522 B `kem-04` BAG-Piglet	512 B `kem-15` FLIT
4	(5.6) `kem-25` NEV 1	82.1 k (65%) `kem-27` NTRE	122.4 k (38%) `kem-15` FLIT	530 B `kem-30` PolarLAC	512 B `kem-41` ZEN
5	(5.6) `kem-41` ZEN 1	96.2 k (63%) `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU	145.3 k (62%) `kem-41` ZEN	608 B `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper	602 B `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE
6	(6.4) `kem-30` PolarLAC 1	100.3 k (60%) `kem-15` FLIT	149.5 k (38%) `kem-14` DTRU	610 B `kem-19` Lore	640 B `kem-30` PolarLAC
7	(10.0) `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper 2	122.1 k (74%) `kem-41` ZEN	213.3 k (69%) `kem-30` PolarLAC	615 B `kem-15` FLIT	640 B `kem-32` QCTM
8	(10.9) `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM 1	176.6 k (76%) `kem-30` PolarLAC	220.3 k (62%) `kem-13` DKEM	615 B `kem-41` ZEN	656 B `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM
9	(11.5) `kem-19` Lore 1	198.4 k (68%) `kem-13` DKEM	265.8 k (7.6%) `kem-12` CTL	640 B `kem-14` DTRU	672 B `kem-25` NEV
10	(12.0) `kem-27` NTRE 1	239.7 k (47%) `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM	286.9 k (66%) `kem-08` BW-KEM	672 B `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM	706 B `kem-19` Lore
11	(12.5) `kem-13` DKEM 3	248.0 k (69%) `kem-08` BW-KEM	317.1 k (43%) `kem-22` Mithril	672 B `kem-25` NEV	736 B `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper
12	(12.6) `kem-08` BW-KEM 1	271.4 k (59%) `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper	319.1 k (57%) `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper	736 B `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard	760 B `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard
13	(14.0) `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU 1	294.6 k (47%) `kem-22` Mithril	325.0 k (26%) `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM	736 B `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM	768 B `kem-08` BW-KEM
14	(15.9) `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard 1	318.8 k (66%) `kem-09` CheetahKEM	350.7 k (60%) `kem-09` CheetahKEM	752 B `kem-39` Weaver	768 B `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM
15	(16.0) `kem-09` CheetahKEM 2	324.1 k (72%) `kem-19` Lore	364.8 k (64%) `kem-19` Lore	784 B `kem-02` Amoeba	768 B `kem-29` Polar-KEM
16	(16.0) `kem-22` Mithril 1	448.5 k (79%) `kem-02` Amoeba	492.2 k (73%) `kem-02` Amoeba	784 B `kem-08` BW-KEM	800 B `kem-13` DKEM
17	(16.5) `kem-39` Weaver 3	495.7 k (94%) `kem-29` Polar-KEM	548.2 k (82%) `kem-39` Weaver	800 B `kem-13` DKEM	816 B `kem-39` Weaver
18	(16.9) `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM 1	533.0 k (84%) `kem-39` Weaver	741.5 k (65%) `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard	832 B `kem-09` CheetahKEM	864 B `kem-09` CheetahKEM
19	(17.9) `kem-02` Amoeba 3	534.0 k (25%) `kem-38` UVW	985.7 k (96%) `kem-29` Polar-KEM	880 B `kem-34` Rudraksh2	912 B `kem-34` Rudraksh2
20	(18.0) `kem-29` Polar-KEM 3	600.8 k (62%) `kem-33` QUBE	1.03 M (52%) `kem-33` QUBE	944 B `kem-22` Mithril	928 B `kem-22` Mithril
21	(18.5) `kem-04` BAG-Piglet 1	736.4 k (67%) `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard	1.55 M (94%) `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM	972 B `kem-27` NTRE	972 B `kem-27` NTRE
22	(19.2) `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE 1	1.53 M (96%) `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM	2.92 M (93%) `kem-34` Rudraksh2	1,024 B `kem-29` Polar-KEM	1,027 B `kem-04` BAG-Piglet
23	(20.8) `kem-34` Rudraksh2 2	2.87 M (94%) `kem-34` Rudraksh2	5.64 M (82%) `kem-18` LoongKEM	1,053 B `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU	1,032 B `kem-38` UVW
24	(24.8) `kem-18` LoongKEM 3	3.12 M (18%) `kem-04` BAG-Piglet	6.85 M (7.0%) `kem-37` TriQ-KEM	1,472 B `kem-18` LoongKEM	1,047 B `kem-02` Amoeba
25	(24.8) `kem-33` QUBE 2	4.59 M (9.3%) `kem-37` TriQ-KEM	10.84 M (15%) `kem-04` BAG-Piglet	1,541 B `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre	1,085 B `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU
26	(26.8) `kem-37` TriQ-KEM 2	5.56 M (83%) `kem-18` LoongKEM	14.16 M (3.0%) `kem-16` HARE	1,980 B `kem-36` TRIKE	1,512 B `kem-18` LoongKEM
27	(27.6) `kem-32` QCTM 3	6.65 M (6.3%) `kem-36` TRIKE	16.99 M (2.5%) `kem-23` Mito	2,054 B `kem-37` TriQ-KEM	1,573 B `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre
28	(27.8) `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre 2	9.17 M (1.3%) `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre	21.80 M (93%) `kem-35` Scloud	2,500 B `kem-03` BAG-Loong	3,071 B `kem-03` BAG-Loong
29	(28.2) `kem-36` TRIKE 1	9.54 M (3.2%) `kem-16` HARE	35.07 M (4.4%) `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost	2,629 B `kem-16` HARE	3,287 B `kem-33` QUBE
30	(28.5) `kem-38` UVW 2	11.24 M (55%) `kem-17` HEP-QC	35.18 M (1.2%) `kem-36` TRIKE	3,294 B `kem-33` QUBE	3,928 B `kem-36` TRIKE
31	(29.2) `kem-16` HARE 1	12.02 M (1.6%) `kem-23` Mito	51.48 M (0.2%) `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre	3,713 B `kem-26` NSS-HQC	4,086 B `kem-37` TriQ-KEM
32	(31.0) `kem-03` BAG-Loong 2	13.43 M (??%) `kem-32` QCTM	88.21 M (75%) `kem-03` BAG-Loong	3,720 B `kem-23` Mito	4,433 B `kem-17` HEP-QC
33	(31.5) `kem-23` Mito 1	22.02 M (94%) `kem-35` Scloud	92.01 M (??%) `kem-26` NSS-HQC	5,152 B `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost	4,688 B `kem-16` HARE
34	(32.8) `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost 1	34.64 M (3.7%) `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost	173.12 M (??%) `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE	6,096 B `kem-35` Scloud	5,185 B `kem-26` NSS-HQC
35	(33.0) `kem-35` Scloud 1	46.47 M (??%) `kem-26` NSS-HQC	227.93 M (90%) `kem-17` HEP-QC	167,987 B `kem-32` QCTM	5,192 B `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost
36	(33.2) `kem-26` NSS-HQC 4	49.37 M (82%) `kem-03` BAG-Loong	1.47 G (0.0%) `kem-38` UVW	208,013 B `kem-38` UVW	5,512 B `kem-23` Mito
37	(33.5) `kem-17` HEP-QC 3	112.40 M (??%) `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE	4.98 G (??%) `kem-32` QCTM	285,889 B `kem-17` HEP-QC	6,160 B `kem-35` Scloud

Key Exchange (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	exchange cycles	bandwidth
1	(2.0) `kex-01` ADKEX 2	825.0 k (64%) `kex-07` NEV-AKE	2,752 B `kex-06` MAMBA-NIKE
2	(2.5) `kex-07` NEV-AKE 1	1.33 M (69%) `kex-01` ADKEX	3,200 B `kex-01` ADKEX
3	(3.0) `kex-03` CreTAKE 5	1.43 M (59%) `kex-03` CreTAKE	3,381 B `kex-03` CreTAKE
4	(3.5) `kex-06` MAMBA-NIKE 1	2.38 M (69%) `kex-02` AFS-KEX	4,032 B `kex-07` NEV-AKE
5	(4.5) `kex-02` AFS-KEX 1	3.17 M (14%) `kex-04` DKEX	4,704 B `kex-02` AFS-KEX
6	(6.5) `kex-04` DKEX 1	6.83 M (??%) `kex-06` MAMBA-NIKE	6,566 B `kex-05` Loom
7	(6.5) `kex-05` Loom 2	29.95 M (3.2%) `kex-05` Loom	8,320 B `kex-08` NIIKE
8	(8.0) `kex-08` NIIKE 2	37.66 M (11%) `kex-09` TriQ-KEX	9,032 B `kex-04` DKEX
9	(8.5) `kex-09` TriQ-KEX 3	53.18 G (??%) `kex-08` NIIKE	18,436 B `kex-09` TriQ-KEX

Hash Functions (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	32 B cycles	1 KiB cycles	64 KiB cycles
1	(1.3) `hash-09` Eijen 1	1204 (0.84×) `hash-16` LLH	6864 (0.32×) `hash-09` Eijen	412.0 k (0.31×) `hash-09` Eijen
2	(2.3) `hash-19` MoFang 1	1419 (0.99×) `hash-09` Eijen	12.9 k (0.59×) `hash-19` MoFang	735.9 k (0.56×) `hash-19` MoFang
3	(3.3) `hash-18` Megascon 1	1665 (1.17×) `hash-19` MoFang	13.8 k (0.63×) `hash-18` Megascon	798.0 k (0.61×) `hash-18` Megascon
4	(3.7) `hash-16` LLH 0	2200 (1.54×) `hash-18` Megascon	16.7 k (0.77×) `hash-20` Mozi	990.7 k (0.75×) `hash-20` Mozi
5	(4.3) `hash-20` Mozi 2	2485 (1.74×) `hash-20` Mozi	22.9 k (1.05×) `hash-16` LLH	1.44 M (1.09×) `hash-16` LLH