Performance measurements › system: x86_1 · arm_1

Ordered measurements (x86_1, 128-bit)

Target: 128-bit · 256-bit · 512-bit

Order: each metric is ranked separately; overall is their mean rank. Lower is better, and ties share the average position.
Scope: eligible reference instances at the 128-bit target. The recommended set represents a candidate; otherwise the fastest eligible set by mean cycle rank does. Key generation and secret-key size are excluded.
Cycles: (hash %) is time in ICCS placeholder hashes; (??%) means no ICCS-facing backend was measured. Hash × values compare with the matching pseudoXOF.
Bytes: KEX bandwidth includes exchanged public keys. KEM public-key size is separate from ciphertext size. ≈ marks a nominal variable-length signature. See the size audit for accounting details.
Security badge: number of active findings at the candidate's highest severity; it does not affect the order.

Digital Signatures (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	sign cycles	verify cycles	public key	signature
1	(9.2) `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA 1	1.81 M (88%) `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG	210.7 k (59%) `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA	32 B `sign-05` Chinith	40 B `sign-10` Facto-DSA
2	(10.2) `sign-22` Rhyme 4	2.09 M (52%) `sign-16` Octarine	338.8 k (55%) `sign-22` Rhyme	32 B `sign-19` Phoenix	85 B `sign-33` VDOO
3	(10.5) `sign-10` Facto-DSA 2	2.10 M (0.5%) `sign-10` Facto-DSA	353.5 k (64%) `sign-08` DARTS	36 B `sign-13` GreatWall	116 B `sign-18` Origami
4	(11.0) `sign-02` BiT 3	2.25 M (58%) `sign-02` BiT	443.8 k (72%) `sign-02` BiT	40 B `sign-03` CEDRUS-C	136 B `sign-09` DOVE
5	(12.5) `sign-07` CS 4	2.63 M (89%) `sign-17` OPS	531.0 k (11%) `sign-01` Aigis-Sig	40 B `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha	218 B `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push
6	(13.0) `sign-23` Shuttle 2	3.89 M (70%) `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS	593.9 k (6.3%) `sign-07` CS	40 B `sign-11` FlexTree	248 B `sign-25` SQIsign2D2
7	(13.5) `sign-01` Aigis-Sig 3	4.27 M (75%) `sign-22` Rhyme	879.7 k (51%) `sign-16` Octarine	40 B `sign-12` Galas	255 B `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle
8	(13.8) `sign-08` DARTS 3	4.42 M (56%) `sign-07` CS	983.9 k (87%) `sign-10` Facto-DSA	40 B `sign-14` Lynxer	561 B `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA
9	(13.8) `sign-16` Octarine 2	4.51 M (??%) `sign-23` Shuttle	1.11 M (??%) `sign-23` Shuttle	51 B `sign-29` Tins	896 B `sign-31` TSUOV
10	(14.0) `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG 4	4.72 M (0.4%) `sign-09` DOVE	1.37 M (93%) `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG	77 B `sign-20` Qing-Luan	1,183 B `sign-23` Shuttle
11	(14.2) `sign-31` TSUOV 1	9.00 M (1.9%) `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA	2.16 M (86%) `sign-17` OPS	80 B `sign-25` SQIsign2D2	1,244 B `sign-32` UVW
12	(15.0) `sign-09` DOVE 2	10.50 M (64%) `sign-01` Aigis-Sig	2.36 M (0.3%) `sign-33` VDOO	80 B `sign-28` SYDO	1,449 B `sign-08` DARTS
13	(15.4) `sign-25` SQIsign2D2 2	14.54 M (56%) `sign-31` TSUOV	2.88 M (81%) `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS	81 B `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle	≈1,483 B `sign-22` Rhyme
14	(15.8) `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS 8	16.41 M (62%) `sign-20` Qing-Luan	4.36 M (0.1%) `sign-09` DOVE	96 B `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push	1,504 B `sign-02` BiT
15	(15.9) `sign-05` Chinith 2	29.92 M (11%) `sign-05` Chinith	6.08 M (1.3%) `sign-19` Phoenix	112 B `sign-24` Sigurd	1,548 B `sign-07` CS
16	(16.5) `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle 3	37.45 M (31%) `sign-24` Sigurd	7.15 M (66%) `sign-20` Qing-Luan	121 B `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha	1,652 B `sign-30` TRINE
17	(16.6) `sign-19` Phoenix 1	45.51 M (88%) `sign-08` DARTS	11.83 M (69%) `sign-31` TSUOV	738 B `sign-34` YuanYang-DSA	2,015 B `sign-01` Aigis-Sig
18	(16.8) `sign-17` OPS 1	137.40 M (??%) `sign-13` GreatWall	15.26 M (43%) `sign-24` Sigurd	779 B `sign-31` TSUOV	2,080 B `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG
19	(16.8) `sign-33` VDOO 5	168.46 M (2.4%) `sign-25` SQIsign2D2	15.34 M (98%) `sign-03` CEDRUS-C	800 B `sign-22` Rhyme	2,081 B `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS
20	(17.2) `sign-13` GreatWall 3	219.78 M (0.0%) `sign-33` VDOO	15.46 M (98%) `sign-11` FlexTree	928 B `sign-01` Aigis-Sig	2,564 B `sign-16` Octarine
21	(17.8) `sign-20` Qing-Luan 2	219.91 M (4.1%) `sign-19` Phoenix	17.73 M (98%) `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha	976 B `sign-07` CS	3,284 B `sign-29` Tins
22	(19.2) `sign-18` Origami 2	373.20 M (3.4%) `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle	25.87 M (83%) `sign-18` Origami	1,048 B `sign-02` BiT	3,396 B `sign-13` GreatWall
23	(19.8) `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push 1	405.85 M (91%) `sign-18` Origami	28.37 M (8.4%) `sign-05` Chinith	1,120 B `sign-08` DARTS	4,349 B `sign-17` OPS
24	(20.8) `sign-03` CEDRUS-C 1	443.76 M (2.1%) `sign-28` SYDO	32.79 M (0.4%) `sign-27` SQIsignTriangle	1,264 B `sign-23` Shuttle	4,932 B `sign-05` Chinith
25	(20.8) `sign-11` FlexTree 2	513.49 M (98%) `sign-03` CEDRUS-C	38.76 M (17%) `sign-25` SQIsign2D2	1,328 B `sign-15` MORNING-ATLAS	5,801 B `sign-14` Lynxer
26	(20.8) `sign-24` Sigurd 2	533.63 M (14%) `sign-14` Lynxer	101.83 M (??%) `sign-13` GreatWall	1,344 B `sign-16` Octarine	5,964 B `sign-12` Galas
27	(21.8) `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha 2	563.57 M (92%) `sign-11` FlexTree	340.31 M (1.0%) `sign-32` UVW	1,664 B `sign-06` COMPASS-SIG	6,724 B `sign-28` SYDO
28	(21.8) `sign-14` Lynxer 3	570.59 M (98%) `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha	438.06 M (0.0%) `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push	2,560 B `sign-17` OPS	6,851 B `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha
29	(22.9) `sign-28` SYDO 1	677.96 M (2.5%) `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha	449.76 M (2.1%) `sign-28` SYDO	2,996 B `sign-18` Origami	13,670 B `sign-19` Phoenix
30	(23.2) `sign-29` Tins 2	1.35 G (20%) `sign-29` Tins	470.80 M (6.2%) `sign-14` Lynxer	40,040 B `sign-10` Facto-DSA	18,672 B `sign-11` FlexTree
31	(23.8) `sign-12` Galas 2	1.88 G (4.1%) `sign-12` Galas	639.43 M (1.8%) `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha	63,920 B `sign-30` TRINE	18,720 B `sign-20` Qing-Luan
32	(26.0) `sign-21` ReSolveD-alpha 2	3.29 G (0.0%) `sign-26` SQIsign2D-push	1.20 G (6.3%) `sign-12` Galas	191,646 B `sign-09` DOVE	19,420 B `sign-04` CEDRUS-alpha
33	(26.5) `sign-32` UVW 2	18.23 G (16%) `sign-30` TRINE	1.25 G (20%) `sign-29` Tins	330,855 B `sign-33` VDOO	19,812 B `sign-03` CEDRUS-C
34	(28.5) `sign-30` TRINE 4	30.29 G (0.0%) `sign-32` UVW	8.77 G (16%) `sign-30` TRINE	5,897,612 B `sign-32` UVW	≈25,108 B `sign-24` Sigurd

Key Encapsulation (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	encapsulate cycles	decapsulate cycles	public key	ciphertext
1	(3.5) `kem-12` CTL 2	61.0 k (12%) `kem-12` CTL	95.1 k (39%) `kem-25` NEV	389 B `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE	473 B `kem-12` CTL
2	(4.9) `kem-15` FLIT 1	95.2 k (54%) `kem-25` NEV	113.2 k (30%) `kem-27` NTRE	521 B `kem-12` CTL	512 B `kem-14` DTRU
3	(5.2) `kem-14` DTRU 1	97.8 k (28%) `kem-14` DTRU	127.9 k (33%) `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU	522 B `kem-04` BAG-Piglet	512 B `kem-15` FLIT
4	(5.6) `kem-41` ZEN 1	113.7 k (49%) `kem-27` NTRE	156.9 k (31%) `kem-15` FLIT	530 B `kem-30` PolarLAC	512 B `kem-41` ZEN
5	(5.9) `kem-25` NEV 1	121.3 k (52%) `kem-15` FLIT	191.9 k (49%) `kem-41` ZEN	608 B `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper	602 B `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE
6	(6.4) `kem-30` PolarLAC 1	124.8 k (52%) `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU	192.0 k (31%) `kem-14` DTRU	610 B `kem-19` Lore	640 B `kem-30` PolarLAC
7	(10.8) `kem-19` Lore 1	143.8 k (67%) `kem-41` ZEN	252.7 k (62%) `kem-30` PolarLAC	615 B `kem-15` FLIT	640 B `kem-32` QCTM
8	(10.8) `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper 2	209.2 k (68%) `kem-30` PolarLAC	254.3 k (56%) `kem-13` DKEM	615 B `kem-41` ZEN	656 B `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM
9	(11.9) `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM 1	226.9 k (62%) `kem-13` DKEM	338.7 k (59%) `kem-08` BW-KEM	640 B `kem-14` DTRU	672 B `kem-25` NEV
10	(12.5) `kem-27` NTRE 1	288.3 k (42%) `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM	349.0 k (6.2%) `kem-12` CTL	656 B `kem-01` Aigis-Enc	706 B `kem-19` Lore
11	(12.6) `kem-08` BW-KEM 1	288.5 k (63%) `kem-08` BW-KEM	373.2 k (33%) `kem-01` Aigis-Enc	672 B `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM	736 B `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper
12	(12.8) `kem-13` DKEM 3	331.4 k (35%) `kem-01` Aigis-Enc	408.2 k (35%) `kem-22` Mithril	672 B `kem-25` NEV	760 B `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard
13	(13.0) `kem-01` Aigis-Enc 1	349.4 k (48%) `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper	416.7 k (60%) `kem-19` Lore	736 B `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard	768 B `kem-08` BW-KEM
14	(14.8) `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU 1	363.5 k (68%) `kem-19` Lore	422.5 k (46%) `kem-21` MAMBA-Viper	736 B `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM	768 B `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM
15	(16.4) `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard 1	367.7 k (61%) `kem-09` CheetahKEM	425.3 k (54%) `kem-09` CheetahKEM	752 B `kem-39` Weaver	768 B `kem-29` Polar-KEM
16	(16.8) `kem-09` CheetahKEM 2	376.6 k (38%) `kem-22` Mithril	433.4 k (21%) `kem-40` YuanYang-KEM	784 B `kem-02` Amoeba	800 B `kem-13` DKEM
17	(17.2) `kem-39` Weaver 3	525.7 k (71%) `kem-02` Amoeba	590.4 k (63%) `kem-02` Amoeba	784 B `kem-08` BW-KEM	816 B `kem-39` Weaver
18	(17.5) `kem-22` Mithril 1	532.3 k (91%) `kem-29` Polar-KEM	610.9 k (78%) `kem-39` Weaver	800 B `kem-13` DKEM	864 B `kem-09` CheetahKEM
19	(17.6) `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM 1	585.8 k (81%) `kem-39` Weaver	779.7 k (67%) `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard	832 B `kem-09` CheetahKEM	896 B `kem-01` Aigis-Enc
20	(18.8) `kem-29` Polar-KEM 3	657.8 k (62%) `kem-33` QUBE	1.04 M (95%) `kem-29` Polar-KEM	880 B `kem-34` Rudraksh2	912 B `kem-34` Rudraksh2
21	(18.9) `kem-02` Amoeba 3	775.8 k (69%) `kem-24` MORNING-Scabbard	1.18 M (49%) `kem-33` QUBE	944 B `kem-22` Mithril	928 B `kem-22` Mithril
22	(19.2) `kem-04` BAG-Piglet 1	987.6 k (14%) `kem-38` UVW	1.66 M (93%) `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM	972 B `kem-27` NTRE	972 B `kem-27` NTRE
23	(21.2) `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE 1	1.64 M (95%) `kem-11` COMPASS-KEM	3.17 M (91%) `kem-34` Rudraksh2	1,024 B `kem-29` Polar-KEM	1,027 B `kem-04` BAG-Piglet
24	(21.8) `kem-34` Rudraksh2 2	3.13 M (93%) `kem-34` Rudraksh2	6.42 M (77%) `kem-18` LoongKEM	1,053 B `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU	1,032 B `kem-38` UVW
25	(26.0) `kem-18` LoongKEM 3	3.45 M (17%) `kem-04` BAG-Piglet	11.21 M (4.6%) `kem-37` TriQ-KEM	1,078 B `kem-06` BRA	1,047 B `kem-02` Amoeba
26	(26.2) `kem-33` QUBE 2	4.52 M (4.5%) `kem-06` BRA	12.12 M (14%) `kem-04` BAG-Piglet	1,472 B `kem-18` LoongKEM	1,085 B `kem-28` OAEP-NTRU
27	(27.8) `kem-06` BRA 1	6.34 M (78%) `kem-18` LoongKEM	19.48 M (2.1%) `kem-16` HARE	1,541 B `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre	1,512 B `kem-18` LoongKEM
28	(29.5) `kem-37` TriQ-KEM 2	6.65 M (5.3%) `kem-07` BRQC	23.78 M (92%) `kem-35` Scloud	1,954 B `kem-07` BRQC	1,573 B `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre
29	(30.0) `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre 2	7.41 M (6.1%) `kem-37` TriQ-KEM	27.35 M (1.6%) `kem-23` Mito	1,980 B `kem-36` TRIKE	2,092 B `kem-06` BRA
30	(30.1) `kem-32` QCTM 3	9.36 M (4.7%) `kem-36` TRIKE	43.47 M (3.8%) `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost	2,054 B `kem-37` TriQ-KEM	3,071 B `kem-03` BAG-Loong
31	(30.5) `kem-07` BRQC 1	12.93 M (2.3%) `kem-16` HARE	50.59 M (0.4%) `kem-06` BRA	2,500 B `kem-03` BAG-Loong	3,287 B `kem-33` QUBE
32	(31.0) `kem-36` TRIKE 1	13.48 M (1.2%) `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre	51.33 M (0.8%) `kem-36` TRIKE	2,629 B `kem-16` HARE	3,844 B `kem-07` BRQC
33	(31.5) `kem-16` HARE 1	15.14 M (43%) `kem-17` HEP-QC	88.85 M (0.2%) `kem-05` BIKE-MLThre	3,294 B `kem-33` QUBE	3,928 B `kem-36` TRIKE
34	(31.5) `kem-38` UVW 2	18.43 M (??%) `kem-32` QCTM	94.14 M (0.4%) `kem-07` BRQC	3,713 B `kem-26` NSS-HQC	4,086 B `kem-37` TriQ-KEM
35	(33.8) `kem-03` BAG-Loong 2	19.36 M (1.0%) `kem-23` Mito	99.48 M (69%) `kem-03` BAG-Loong	3,720 B `kem-23` Mito	4,433 B `kem-17` HEP-QC
36	(34.5) `kem-23` Mito 1	23.60 M (2.8%) `kem-10` C-Multi-UR-AG	128.36 M (0.5%) `kem-10` C-Multi-UR-AG	3,866 B `kem-10` C-Multi-UR-AG	4,688 B `kem-16` HARE
37	(35.8) `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost 1	23.93 M (92%) `kem-35` Scloud	128.53 M (??%) `kem-26` NSS-HQC	5,152 B `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost	5,185 B `kem-26` NSS-HQC
38	(35.8) `kem-35` Scloud 1	43.04 M (3.2%) `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost	200.66 M (??%) `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE	6,096 B `kem-35` Scloud	5,192 B `kem-20` MAMBA-Frost
39	(37.0) `kem-17` HEP-QC 3	54.70 M (79%) `kem-03` BAG-Loong	246.18 M (89%) `kem-17` HEP-QC	167,987 B `kem-32` QCTM	5,512 B `kem-23` Mito
40	(37.0) `kem-26` NSS-HQC 4	64.37 M (??%) `kem-26` NSS-HQC	1.36 G (0.0%) `kem-38` UVW	208,013 B `kem-38` UVW	6,160 B `kem-35` Scloud
41	(37.2) `kem-10` C-Multi-UR-AG 1	129.56 M (??%) `kem-31` QIMEN-PIKE	5.90 G (??%) `kem-32` QCTM	285,889 B `kem-17` HEP-QC	7,332 B `kem-10` C-Multi-UR-AG

Key Exchange (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	exchange cycles	bandwidth
1	(2.0) `kex-01` ADKEX 2	1.08 M (52%) `kex-07` NEV-AKE	2,752 B `kex-06` MAMBA-NIKE
2	(2.5) `kex-07` NEV-AKE 1	1.52 M (63%) `kex-01` ADKEX	3,200 B `kex-01` ADKEX
3	(3.0) `kex-03` CreTAKE 5	1.91 M (46%) `kex-03` CreTAKE	3,381 B `kex-03` CreTAKE
4	(3.5) `kex-06` MAMBA-NIKE 1	2.81 M (63%) `kex-02` AFS-KEX	4,032 B `kex-07` NEV-AKE
5	(4.5) `kex-02` AFS-KEX 1	3.84 M (12%) `kex-04` DKEX	4,704 B `kex-02` AFS-KEX
6	(6.5) `kex-04` DKEX 1	6.09 M (??%) `kex-06` MAMBA-NIKE	6,566 B `kex-05` Loom
7	(6.5) `kex-05` Loom 2	30.90 M (3.1%) `kex-05` Loom	8,320 B `kex-08` NIIKE
8	(8.0) `kex-08` NIIKE 2	60.66 M (7.0%) `kex-09` TriQ-KEX	9,032 B `kex-04` DKEX
9	(8.5) `kex-09` TriQ-KEX 3	52.91 G (??%) `kex-08` NIIKE	18,436 B `kex-09` TriQ-KEX

Hash Functions (128-bit security)

rank	overall (mean rank)	32 B cycles	1 KiB cycles	64 KiB cycles
1	(1.3) `hash-09` Eijen 1	2006 (1.31×) `hash-16` LLH	10.4 k (0.45×) `hash-09` Eijen	623.2 k (0.45×) `hash-09` Eijen
2	(2.3) `hash-19` MoFang 1	2165 (1.41×) `hash-09` Eijen	17.9 k (0.78×) `hash-19` MoFang	1.01 M (0.72×) `hash-19` MoFang
3	(3.3) `hash-18` Megascon 1	2504 (1.63×) `hash-19` MoFang	21.7 k (0.94×) `hash-18` Megascon	1.27 M (0.91×) `hash-18` Megascon
4	(3.7) `hash-16` LLH 0	3279 (2.13×) `hash-18` Megascon	22.0 k (0.95×) `hash-20` Mozi	1.28 M (0.92×) `hash-20` Mozi
5	(4.3) `hash-20` Mozi 2	3323 (2.16×) `hash-20` Mozi	34.2 k (1.48×) `hash-16` LLH	2.14 M (1.53×) `hash-16` LLH